CHAPTER III
SENSITIZED
MATERIALS
Group 2
SENSITIZED MATERIALS
◦ It refers to the film and photographic paper that basically
composed of emulsion containing Silver Halides suspended in
gelatin and coated on a transparent or reflective support
FILM
Photographic film is a strip or sheet of
transparent plastic film base coated on one
side with a gelatin emulsion containing
microscopically small light sensitive silver
halide crystals.
BLACK AND WHITE FILM
◦ Most modern black
and white films,
called panchromatic
films, record the
entire visible
spectrum.
PARTS OF BLACK AND WHITE FILM
1. Emulsion- it is a light sensitive colloid.
Most commonly, in silver gelatin
photography it consist of silver halide
crystals dispersed in gelatin.
◦ 2. Base- is a transparent substrate which
act as a support medium for the
photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it.
◦ 3. Gray or Anti-Halation Backing- it is
a layer found in most photographic films.
It is usually a coating on the back of the
film base, but sometimes it is
incorporated between the light sensitive
emulsion and the base.
TYPES OF BLACK AND WHITE FILM
Simple black and white films
are made of three layers.
• Light-sensitive emulsion layer
• Layer of plastic to support
emulsion
• Anti-Halation Layer
The three major brands of
black and white films
Kodak, Illford and Fuji.
BLACK AND WHITE FILM BRANDS AND TYPES
Brand Name ISO Grain Notes
Ill ford Pan F 50 Extremely fine Very fine detail and lack of grain; goo for fine art photography
Kodak T-Max 100 100 Extremely fine General purpose film, narrow exposure range
Ill ford Delta-100 100 Fine General purpose film, wide exposure range
Fuji Neopan100 100 Fine General purpose film, wide exposure range
Fuji Neopan acros 100 Very Fine Fine grain quality for a wide range o f photography
applications
Kodak Plus x 125 Fine General purpose film, slightly flexible
Ill ford FP4 125 Very fine Can be underexposed by 2-stops or overexposed by 6-stops
Kodak Tri X 400 Fine Ideal for low-light or outdoor scenes can be pushed 2-stops
Kodak T-Max 400 400 Fine Dim lighting or fast action, can be punished 2-stops
Ill ford HP5 400 Fine Ideal for low-light outdoors scenes can be pushed 2-stops
Ill ford Delta-400 400 Fine Flexible film for fine art photography
Fuji Neopan 400 400 Fine Wide exposure latitude, push processing capability to EI 1600
Kodak T-Max 1200 Grainy Designed to be pushed to 3200 film speed
Ill ford Delta-3200 1200 Grainy Designed to be pushed to 3200 film speed
How Black and White Film Works
◦ The image on a black and
white film negative is actually
the inverse of the actual
image. All the areas that show
clear on the negative will be
black on the print and all
black areas of the negative
will show white.
CHARACTERISTIC OF BLACK AND WITH
FILMS
◦ 1. Emulsion speed - it is a measure of photographic film’s sensitivity to
light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical
scales, the most recent being the ISO system.
EMULSION SPEED INDICATORS:
ASA- known as American Standard Association, it is expressed in arithmetical value
in rating.
DIN- means Deuthe Industry Normen, its rating is expressed in logarithmic value.
ISO- its literal meaning is International Standards Organization, its rating is
expressed in combined between arithmetical and logarithmic values.
◦ 2. Spectral sensitivity- refers on the sensitivity of the film in the colors and light
which illuminated in the object being photographs.
CLASSIFICATION OF FILM ACCORDING TO SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
Blue sensitive Film- this film is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and blue light only.
Orthochromatic Film- this film is the same sensitivity in blue sensitive in blue
sensitive film which is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and blue light only.
Panchromatic Film- the sensitivity of this film id for ultraviolet radiation blue, green,
and red light or all colors of light.
Infrared film- this film is sensitive to ultraviolet rays, to blue, green, red light and
infrared rays.
3. Granularity or Graininess- refers to the size of the metallic negative or tinting it
dye.
COLOR FILM
Color motion picture film
refers both to unexposed color
photographic film in a format
suitable for use in a motion
picture camera, and to
finished motion picture film,
ready for use in a projector,
which bears images in color.
PARTS OF COLOR FILM
1. Emulsion- it is the most fundamental layer in a film. Emulsion is the
photographic part of the film, consists of dispersions of light sensitive
materials in a colloidal medium, usually gelatin, carried as a thin
layers(s) on a film base.
THREE TYPES OF COLOR COUPLERS IN THE EMULSION
• Yellow Dye Forming Coupler- it is located in the blue sensitive emulsion layer.
• Magenta Dye Forming Coupler- is located in the green sensitive emulsion layer.
• Cyan Dye Forming Coupler- it is located in the red sensitive emulsion layer.
2. Base- it is the supporting layer in film is called the base.
3. Anti- Halation Backing – it is the light penetrating the emulsion of a film cam reflect
from the base emulsion interface back into the emulsion, causing a secondary exposure
around images of bright objects.
4. Yellow filter- it is a layer in between the yellow dye forming coupler and magenta dye
forming couple in the emulsion which absorbs any unused blue light and prevents it from
reaching the two lower emulsion layer the magenta dye and cyan dye forming couplers.
5. Subbing layer- it is the rubbing layer applied to the film base so that the emulsion
adheres to the base.
6. Ultraviolet Absorbing Layer- although we can’t see ultraviolet (UV) radiation,
photosensitive silver halide crystals can be exposed by it.
7. Super coat- it is the top layer of the film is the super coat. The purpose of this clear
layer of hardened gelatin is to protect the emulsion from damage during transport to the
camera.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE PARTS
PARTS OF
OF COLOR FILM
FILM
TYPES OF COLOR FILM
1.Color reversal film- In photography, reversal film or slide film
is a type of photographic film that produces a positive image on
a transparent base. Instead of negatives and prints, reversal film
is processed to produce transparencies or dispositive.
2. Color negative- In short, slide film produces a positive image
on a transparent base, while color negatives the lightest areas of
the photographed subject appear darkest and the darkest areas
appear lightest. The color negative film is then reversed during
scanning.
EXAMPLE OF COLOR FILM
Color
Negative
Color
Reversal
HOW COLOR REVERSAL FILM WORKS
◦ Color reversal film, or
commonly called slide
film, creates the opposite
of color negative film or
black and white film.
Instead of creating a
negative to be printed to a
positive, the slide film is a
positive of the image.
COLOR REVERSAL FILM BRANDS AND
Brands
Fuji
Name
50
ISO
Velvia50
TYPE
Grain
Ultra Fine
notes
Dynamic color reproduction
Fuji T64 64 Very Fine For controlled lighting using tungsten lamps
Kodak PKR 64 Extremely Fine Outdoor use, extremely sharp images and rich colors
Kodak EPY 64 Fine For controlled lighting using tungsten lamps
Fuji Provia 100F 100 Fine For use with daylight, natural color depiction
Fuji Astia RAP 100 Extremely high Natural and exquisite skin tones for portraiture and fashion
Fuji Velvia 100 100 Ultra-Fine Outdoor use, extremely sharp images and rich saturation
Kodak EPP 100 Very Fine Increased color saturation
Kodak E100VS Very 100 Fine Controlled studio shooting
Kodak E200 200 Fine Lower contrast scale in a higher speed film
Fuji Provia 400x 400 Fine General purpose film able to handle wide exposures
Kodak EPL 400 Fine Low-light situations, warm color balance
HOW COLOR FILM WORKS
◦Color film consist of an acetate film base with
multiple emulsions coated on the base. Each
emulsion layer is only sensitive to specific color or
lights. In the classic example of color sensitives are
red, green and blue (RGB)
COLOR NEGATIVE FILM BRANDS AND TYPES
Brand Name ISO Grains Notes
Fuji Reala-100 100 High Uniform Fine Natural color reproduction, sharp results, wide exposures
Kodak Ultra-100 100 Fine Vivid color for outdoor use
Fuji Pro-160S 160 Very Fine Natural colors, smooth tones, very sharp
Kodak Portra-160 160 Very Fine Vivid color across the spectrum; used for indoor and
outdoor
Fuji Superia-200 200 Fine Vivid color across the spectrum with general use
Fuji Superia-400 400 Finer General use
Fuji Pro-400 400 Fine Superb color with wide exposure latitude
Kodak Portra-400 400 Fine Natural color across the spectrum; very flexible
Kodak Ultra-400 400 Fine Vivid color for outdoor use
Fuji Pro-800Z 800 Some noticeable grain Faithful reproductions for low light, wide exposure range
Kodak Portra-800 800 Some noticeable color in blue and yellow can be pushed to ISO 1600
Fuji Superia-1600 1600 Noticeable grain Vibrant and dynamic colors for low-light environments
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
◦ Photographic paper is a paper
coated with a light sensitive
chemical formula, used for
making photographic prints.
When photographic paper is
exposed to light it captures a
latent image that is then
developed to form a visible
image.
BLACK AND WHITE
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
All photographic papers consist of a
light-sensitive emulsion consisting
of silver halides salts suspended in a
colloidal material usually gelatin
coated onto a paper or polyester to
blue and green light, but is
insensitive to wavelength longer
than 600 nanometer in order to
facilitate handling under red or
orange safe lighting.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK AND
WHITE PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
1. EMULSION SPEED 2. EXPOSURE AND DEVELOPMENT LATITUDE
Chloride Paper- it is a relatively paper Latitude- it is the degree or amount of which you
coated with an emulsion of silver chloride can deviate from the ideal exposure or development
used mostly for contact prints. without appreciable loss of print quality.
Exposure Latitude- it is the extents to which a light
Bromide Paper- it is a fast printing paper
sensitive material can be overexposed or
coated with an emulsion of silver bromide underexposed and still achieve an acceptable result.
used mostly for enlargements.
Development Latitude- paper that do not change
Chlorobromide Paper- it is a photographic appreciable in contrast and image tone with
paper coated with a sensitive layer of a reasonable variation in development has good
mixture of silver bromide and silver latitude. However, for best quality the developing
chloride, giving a medium speed, used for time should be as near as those prescribed by the
contact printing or enlarging. manufacturer.
3. CONTRAST – RANGE OR 4. PHYSICAL
GRADE CHARACTERISTICS
Grade 0 and 1 – are used on Surface – photographic papers
over- exposed or low contrast vary in surface texture or degrees
negative. gloss or sheen.
Grade 2 – Is used on normal Base Weight or Thickness -
exposed or high contrast under this category, we have the
negative. light weight, single weight, medium
Grade 3 to 5 – Are used in weight and double weight.
under-exposed or high contrast Color – may be cold or white with
negative. a very slight blue cast and the warm
or cream where has a slight yellow
brown line.
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
◦ Color photographic papers
are resin-coated so the
paper will have a plastic
lamination. With proper
processing and storage,
color papers will not shift
color, fade or crack for
around 30 years
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
1. Color- each brand of color paper tends to reproduce certain colors differently.
The variations are slight and are not advertised, but you notice that one brand
prints a little warmer or cooler than another or that certain colors and more or
less vibrant.
2. Surface- papers are available in matte, semi-matte (also called pearl or luster)
and glossy surfaces.
◦ Matte papers are lesser reflective than glossy paper.
◦ Glossy papers tend to make the image seem sharper, higher contrast, and
with greater color saturation.
3. Weight- mist color papers are medium weight, though each brand will have a
slightly different thickness.
