EDI3313
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I
CHAPTER 1: MATRICES
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Matrix operations
• Determinant of a matrix
• Multiplicative inverse of a matrix
• Solving linear equations:
• Inverse of a matrix
• Cramer’s rule
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INTRODUCTION
A matrix is denoted by a bold capital letter and the elements within the matrix are
denoted by lower case letters
e.g. matrix [A] with elements aij What is:
1. Dimensions of matrix?
2. Elements of matrix?
Amxn= mAn
*Note:
i goes from 1 to m
j goes from 1 to n
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INTRODUCTION
Different types of Matrices
• Column Matrix - a matrix with only one column.
• Row Matrix - a matrix with only one row.
• Square Matrix - a matrix that has the same number of rows and
columns.
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Introduction
A rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array are called the entries in the matrix.
An entry of a row i and a column j of a matrix A is denoted as aij. Thus a A matrix with only one column
is called a column matrix
general m n matrix might be written as:
A matrix with only one row is
called a row matrix
m
row main diagonal of A
n
column
A matrix with n rows and n columns is called
a square matrix of order n, and the entries
a11, a22, a33, …, ann are known as the main diagonal of A
Example 1
1) State the order of the matrix below:
a) b) c)
2) What is the order of matrix A? Identify and
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Equality of Matrices
Two matrices and are equal if
for and
The matrices and
.
are equal (A = B), if and only if w = ? , x = ? , y = ? , and z = ?.
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EXAMPLE 2
Find w, x, y, and z if
a) The matrices and are equal (A = B)
b)
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MATRIX OPERATIONS-ADDITION &
SUBSTRACTION
• If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrices both of sizes m × n, then their sum, A+B
is an m × n matrix resulting from the addition of the entries B to the
corresponding entries A i.e.
A + B = [aij + bij].
• Their differences, A-B is an m × n matrix obtained by subtracting the entries
of B from the corresponding entries of A i.e.
A − B = [aij − bij]
• Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted.
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MATRIX OPERATIONS-ADDITION & SUBTRACTION ,
Let
*Note that: A+C, B+C,
A−C, B−C are undefined.
Then ,
Properties of Matrix Addition and Subtraction
Let A, B and C be m × n matrices.
1. A + B = B + A Commutative Property of Matrix Addition
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C Associative Property of Matrix Addition
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MATRIX ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION IN A
GIST!
Commutative Law:
A+B=B+A
Properties of Matrix
Associative Law: Addition and Subtraction
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C
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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
• Example 1: Add the matrices • Solution: Adding
corresponding entries we
have
• First, note that each matrix has
dimensions of 3X3, so we are able to
perform the addition. The result is
shown at right:
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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
• Example 2: subtract the • Subtract corresponding
same two matrices entries as follows:
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EXAMPLE 3
a) b)
c)
d)
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MATRIX OPERATIONS:
MULTIPLICATIONS
• SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
• Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (constant or single element)
• Let k be a scalar quantity; then kA = Ak
Example: If k=4, and
Answer:
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MATRIX OPERATIONS:
MULTIPLICATIONS
Properties of Matrix Scalar Multiplication
Let A, B and C be m × n matrices and let c and d be scalars.
1. (cd)A = c(dA) Associative Property of Scalar Multiplication
2. 1A = A Scalar Identity
3. c(A + B) = cA + cB Distributive Property
4. (c + d)A = cA + dA Distributive Property
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MATRIX OPERATIONS:
MULTIPLICATIONS
• The product of two matrices is another matrix
• Two matrices A and B must be conformable for multiplication to be possible
i.e. the number of columns of A must equal the number of rows of B
Example: A x B = C
(1x3) (3x1) (1x1)
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MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Try this!
Find AB and BA if
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MATRIX MULTIPLICATIONS
• 1X4 row matrix multiplied by a 4X1 column matrix: Notice the manner in which
corresponding entries of each matrix are multiplied:
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MATRIX MULTIPLICATIONS
• The following is an illustration of the product of a 2 x 4 matrix with a 4 x 3 . First,
the number of columns of the matrix on the left equals the number of rows of the
matrix on the right so matrix multiplication is defined. A row by column
multiplication is performed three times to obtain the first row of the product:
• 70 80 90.
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EXAMPLE 4
Find a) 4B – BC b) A(B+C) c) A(CB)
Find a) ABC b) 2CAB
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MATRIX OPERATIONS: TRANSPOSE ,
Theorem: Transpose of
Matrix
Let A and B denotes matrices of the same
size,
and let k denote a scalar.
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EXAMPLE 5
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DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (2 X 2)
= is the determinant of A
If A is a square
(det(A))
matrix, then
Evaluate each
determinant:
a)
b)
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DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX ( n > 2)
To find the determinant of any square matrix A of order n Properties :
(n > 2): 1. If each of the entries in a row (or column)
a) Select any row (or column) of A of A is 0, then
b) Multiply each entry in the row (column) by its cofactor. 2. If two rows (or columns) of A are
c) The sum of these products is defined to be the determinant identical,
of A and is called a determinant of order n. 3.If A is upper (or lower) triangular,
then is equal to the product of the main
diagonal entries.
4.
Using 1st row,
Try to use 2nd row!
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EXAMPLE 6
Evaluate each determinant
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Special types of matrices
Special types of matrices
Special types of matrices
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
• Matrix Inverse: Needed to perform the “division” of 2 square matrices
• In scalar terms A/B is the same as A * 1/B
• When we want to divide matrix A by matrix B we simply multiply by A by the
inverse of B
• An inverse matrix is defined as
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INVERSE OF A MATRIX (2 X 2)
If given
i) Find the inverse of A and B
ii) Show that AB = BA = I
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INVERSE OF A MATRIX (3 x 3)
is called the adjoint of A (adj A).
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COFACTOR OF A MATRIX
The cofactor Cij of an element aij is defined as:
When the sum of a row number i and column j is even, cij = mij and when i+j is odd,
cij =-mij
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EXAMPLE:
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STEPS TO FIND INVERSE MATRIX 3X3:
1) Compute the cofactors of A
2) Transponse the cofactors of A to get Adj(A)
3) Calculate the determinant
4) Find the inverse
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INVERSE OF A MATRIX (3 x 3) –
EXAMPLE
Find for
1) Compute the cofactors of A
Hence
INVERSE OF A MATRIX (3 x 3) -
EXAMPLE
Find for
2) Transponse the cofactors of A to get Adj(A) 4) Find the inverse
3) Calculate the determinant
EXAMPLE 7
Find if it is invertible, given that
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SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS-INVERSE METHOD
Examples of systems of linear equations :
In general, a system of m linear equations in n unknowns can be conveniently written as :
Matrix Form
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SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS- INVERSE METHOD
Example 8
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LINEAR EQUATIONS – INVERSE
METHOD (another example)
Consider the following set of linear equations.
The coefficients can be arranged in a matrix form as shown.
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LINEAR EQUATIONS – INVERSE
METHOD
The set of equations in matrix form is:
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LINEAR EQUATIONS – INVERSE
METHOD
The resulting matrix of minors is:
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LINEAR EQUATIONS – INVERSE
METHOD
The resulting matrix of cofactors is:
Evaluate the determinant
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LINEAR EQUATIONS – INVERSE
METHOD
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EXAMPLE 9
a) b)
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SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS –
CRAMER’S RULE
Cramer’s Rule relies on determinants! Example:
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LINEAR EQUATIONS – CRAMER’S
RULE
Where
:
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SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS-CRAMER’S RULE
Solve
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SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS-CRAMER’S RULE
Solve
Therefore , the value of x, y and z = ??
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EXAMPLE 10
Repeat Example 9 using Cramer’s Rule
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