L 17 - Thermodynamics [2]

Science dealing with the relationship

between thermal energy (random
molecular motion) and work (organized
motion), and the conversion of one into
the other

Today’s topics
– Practical thermal effects
– Devices for temperature measurement
– Mechanisms of heat transfer
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Thermal Energy and
Work Energy

• The random motion of

the atoms is thermal
energy
• The upward motion of
the piston is work
energy

2
 Thermocouples

180 F

two different metals

AMPS

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 Thermocouples- measure Temp.
• Is composed of 2 wires of different metals
welded together
• when the tip gets hot an electrical current is
produced
• The current is proportional to the temperature
• It can be used over a wide range of temperatures

500 °F

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 Thermocouples used as safety devices

• a thermocouple is used in gas Thermocouple

heaters, dryers, and fireplaces Pilot light
to protect against explosions
• a thermocouple is placed in
the pilot light
• as long as the pilot light is on,
the thermocouple is hot and
current flows
• a circuit detects the current
and allows the main gas valve
to open
• if the pilot light is out, the
circuit prevents the main gas
valve from opening

current gas 5
 Thermal Expansion
L1
Metal bar at T1

Metal bar at T2 > T1

L2

• The length of a bar of metal increases when it is heated

• Actually, all dimensions expand by the same percentage
• Expansion must be taken into account when designing
roads and bridges in climates that vary significantly from
winter to summer – all materials expand, steel, concrete,
asphalt . . .
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 Thermal Expansion
• Most substances expand when heated
• We use a parameter, a called the coefficient of
thermal expansion to quantify this effect
• The length of a metal bar increases from L0 to L
(DL = L – L0), when it is heated from T1 to T2
(DT = T2 –T1)
• Change in length = DL = a L0 DT
• For copper, a = 17×10-6 per deg. C
• Change DL = (17×10-6 per C)(1 m)(100 C-22 C)
= 0.0013 m = 1.3 mm
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Coefficients of linear expansion
SUBSTANCE a (per deg C)
aluminum 23 × 106
brass 19 × 106
glass 9 × 106
rubber 80 × 106
Ice 51 × 106
lead 29 × 106
steel 11 × 106
concrete 10 × 106
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winter/summer expansion gaps

9
expansion gaps on bridges

10
Thermal expansion problems

No room for thermal expansion

result  buckling 11
Areas and volumes expand too!

cold hot cold

hot

12
Does the whole get bigger or
smaller when heated?

cold hot

Both the inner and outer diameters

increase when the ring is heated
13
Hot water causes the lid to
expand, making it easier
to unscrew it.

14
Fire sprinklers are triggered by
thermal expansion of a liquid

15
 Bi-Metal strips
• thermal expansion of metals is put to good use in
a bi-metallic strip.
• it is two strips of different metals bonded together

metal A

metal B

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 Heating a Bi-metal strip
• when heat is applied to the bi-metallic
strip, both metals expand, but by different
amounts!
• result: The metal with the
higher thermal
expansion coefficient
is on top

The red side expanded more

than the blue side, so the strip
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bends toward the blue side.
 Bi-Metal strip thermal switch
used to turn power off when a preset
temperature is reached

ON OFF

Used in coffee makers and hair dryers

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 Heat Flow
HEAT

HOT COLD

• Heat is the energy that flows from one body to

another because of their temperature difference
• There are 3 ways that heat can be transferred:
– convection
– conduction
– radiation
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 Heat transfer by Convection
• heat is transferred from one location to another by
the bulk movement and subsequent mixing of
liquids or gases (fluids), but NOT in solids.
• when water is boiled, hot water at the bottom rises
and mixes with cooler water at the top
• Hot air rises:
– in winter, want hot air in at lower level
– in summer, cold air in at upper level

convection
currents
20
 Heat transfer by conduction
• heat is transferred directly through a material,
with no bulk movement of material
• only energy moves (molecules in a solid
are not free to move, but can vibrate)

iron is a poor
conductor
of heat
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heat conduction Cross sectional
area A

HOT COLD
Heat Flow

Heat Flow rate depends on A / L and a property

unique to the material, called thermal conductivity22
Thermal Conductivity: a parameter that
quantifies the ability of a material to conducting heat.

Material Thermal Metal Thermal

conductivity Conductivity
metals 14 - 400 Silver 406
wood 0.15 Copper 385
glass 0.8 Aluminum 205
wool 0.04 Brass 109
Goose down 0.025 Iron 80
Styrofoam 0.01 Steel /SS 50/14

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 Heat transfer by Radiation
• The warmth you feel from the sun is
the sun’s thermal radiation
• It travels through the vacuum of
space to reach earth, no material is
necessary (takes 8 minutes)
• you can feel its effects even though
you cannot see the radiation.
• you can feel the thermal radiation
from a fireplace
• Objects not in contact with liquids
gases or other solids loose heat by
radiation
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 Thermal Radiation
• The amount of thermal
radiation emitted by an
object is proportional to
its temperature raised to
the fourth power ~ T4
• Doubling the temperature
will increase the amount
of thermal radiation by
24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16

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