Microprocessor
Subject: I.T
Submitted By: Group No. 2
Group Leader: Sharjeel Abbas Zaidi
Group Members: Nafeesa, Sohail Ahmed,
Malik Faisal,Sara,
Ajaz Fareed, Hina,
Naqash Khan, Ayesha
A microprocessor chip is also known as a central
processing unit (CPU).
It is the brain of the computer. It is the most important
component of a computer.
A computer cannot work without Microprocessor.
All computers must have a Microprocessor.
Units of Microprocessor
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit):
ALU is a part of CPU. Actual execution of instructions
takes place in this part. It consists of two units.
Arithmetic Unit: Arithmetic unit of ALU performs
basic arithmetic functions such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.
Logic Unit: Logic unit of ALU performs logical
operations like comparing two data items to find
which data item is greater than, equal to, or less
than the other.
Units of Microprocessor
Control Unit:
It is an important component of CPU.
It acts like a supervisor of the computer.
It does not execute program instruction by itself.
It controls and coordinates all activities of computer
system.
It performs this task by issuing necessary commands
to different components of computer.
Units of Microprocessor
Control unit also provides clock pulses that are used
to regulate and control all operations in computer
system.
Important operations performed by control unit are as
follows:
It fetches instruction from main memory.
It interprets the instruction to find what operation is
to be performed.
It controls the execution of instruction.
Execution of
Instruction by CPU
(Machine Cycle)
Fetch - get an
instruction from
Main Memory
Decode - translate it
into computer
commands
Execute - actually
process the command
Store - write the
result to Main
Memory
Microprocessor Power
The power of a microprocessor is measured in bits.
Specifically, an 8-bit CPU can
add/subtract/multiply/etc. two 8-bit numbers, while a
32-bit ALU can manipulate two 32-bit numbers.
An 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) would have to
execute four instructions to add two 32-bit numbers,
while a 32-bit ALU can do it in one instruction.
Microprocessor Speed
Technically, microprocessor speed is measured in
hertz, or cycles per second. The higher the speed
value, the faster the chip. And, naturally, the faster
the chip, the more you can do in a given amount of
time.
A microprocessor that can do 3.66 billion things per
second is rated at 1.0 GHz.
The higher the speed value, the faster the chip. And,
naturally, the faster the chip, the more you can do in
a given amount of time.
Four-Phase Systems AL1
The Four-Phase
Systems AL1 was an 8-bit
bit slice chip containing
eight registers and an
ALU.
It was designed by Lee
Boysel in 1969.
8-bit designs
The Intel 8008 is the world's
first 8-bit microprocessor.
Another early 8-bit
microprocessor was the
Signetics 2650, which enjoyed a
brief surge of interest due to its
innovative and powerful
instruction set architecture.
12-bit designs
The Intersil 6100 family consisted of a 12-bit
microprocessor (the 6100) and a range of peripheral
support and memory ICs.
It was referred to as the CMOS-PDP8. Since it was
also produced by Harris Corporation, so was known
as the Harris HM-6100.
By virtue of its CMOS technology and associated
benefits, the 6100 was being incorporated into some
military designs until the early 1980s.
16-bit designs
The first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor was the
National Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced in early 1973.
An 8-bit version of the chipset was introduced in 1974 as
the IMP-8.
In 1975, National introduced the first 16-bit single-chip
microprocessor, the National Semiconductor PACE, which
was later followed by an NMOS version, the INS8900.
The Western Design Center (WDC) introduced the CMOS
65816 16-bit upgrade of the WDC CMOS 65C02 in 1984.
The 65816 16-bit microprocessor was the core of the
Apple IIgs and later the
Super Nintendo Entertainment System, making it one of the
most popular 16-bit designs of all time.
Intel "upsized" their 8080 design into the 16-bit
Intel 8086, the first member of the x86 family, which
powers most modern PC type computers. Intel
introduced the 8086 as a cost effective way of porting
software from the 8080 lines, and succeeded in winning
much business on that premise.
The 8088, a version of the 8086 that used an 8-bit
external data bus, was the microprocessor in the first
IBM PC. Intel then released the 80186 and 80188, the 80286
and, in 1985, the 32-bit 80386, cementing their PC market
dominance with the processor family's backwards
compatibility.
The 80186 and 80188 were essentially versions of the
8086 and 8088, enhanced with some onboard peripherals
and a few new instructions; they were not used in IBM-
compatible PCs because the built-in perpherals and their
locations in the memory map were incompatible with the
IBM design.
The 8086 and successors had an innovative but limited
method of memory segmentation, while the 80286
introduced a full-featured segmented
memory management unit (MMU). The 80386 introduced a
flat 32-bit memory model with paged memory
management.
The Intel x86 processors up to and including the
80386 do not include floating-point units (FPUs). Intel
introduced the 8087, 80287, and 80387 math
coprocessors to add hardware floating-point and
transcendental function capabilities to the 8086
through 80386 CPUs.
The 8087 works with the 8086/8088 and 80186/80188, the
80187 works with the 80186/80188, the 80287 works with the
80286 and 80386, and the 80387 works with the 80386 (yielding
better performance than the 80287).
The combination of an x86 CPU and an x87 coprocessor forms
a single multi-chip microprocessor; the two chips are
programmed as a unit using a single integrated instruction set.
Though the 8087 coprocessor is interfaced to the CPU
through I/O ports in the CPU's address space, this is
transparent to the program, which does not need to know about
or access these I/O ports directly; the program accesses the
coprocessor and its registers through normal instruction
opcodes.
Starting with the successor to the 80386, the 80486, the
FPU was integrated with the control unit, MMU, and
integer ALU in a pipelined design on a single chip (in the
80486DX version), or the FPU was eliminated entirely (in
the 80486SX version).
An ostensible coprocessor for the 80486SX, the 80487,
was actually a complete 80486DX which disabled and
replaced the coprocessorless 80486SX that it was
installed to upgrade.
32-bit designs
16-bit designs had only been on
the market briefly when 32-bit
implementations started to
appear.
The most significant of the 32-bit
designs is the MC68000,
introduced in 1979. The 68K, as it
was widely known, had 32-bit
registers in its programming
model but used 16-bit internal
data paths, 3 16-bit Arithmetic
Logic Units, and a 16-bit external
data bus (to reduce pin count),
and supported only 24-bit
addresses.
32-bit designs
The world's first single-chip fully 32-bit
microprocessor, with 32-bit data paths, 32-bit buses,
and 32-bit addresses, was the AT&T Bell Labs
BELLMAC-32A, with first samples in 1980, and
general production in 1982.
After the divestiture of AT&T in 1984, it was renamed
the WE 32000 (WE for Western Electric), and had two
follow-on generations, the WE 32100 and WE 32200.
These microprocessors were used in the AT&T 3B5
and 3B15 minicomputers; in the 3B2, the world's first
desktop super microcomputer; in the "Companion",
the world's first 32-bit laptop computer; and in
"Alexander", the world's first book-sized super
microcomputer, featuring ROM-pack memory
cartridges similar to today's gaming consoles. All
these systems ran the UNIX System V operating
system.
64-bit designs in PC
While 32-bit microprocessor designs have been in use
in several markets since the early 1990s, the early
2000s saw the introduction of 64-bit microprocessors
targeted at the PC market.
The move from 32 bits to 64 bits is an increase in
register size from the IA-32 as it also doubles the
number of general-purpose registers.
Multi-core designs
The manufacturers of processor chip are also
providing multi-core processor. Two most common
multi-core processors are as follows:
Dual-Core Processor: A dual-core processor is a chip
that contains two separate processors. (e.g. AMD
Phenom II X2, Intel Core 2 Duo)
Multi-core designs
Quad-Core Processor: A quad-core processor is a chip
that contains four separate processors cores (e.g.
AMD Phenom II X4, Intel's i3, i5, and i7).
After i7 microprocessors upcoming are Sandy Bridge
microprocessors.
