TISSUES

All living organisms are made up of

cells....
 A single cell can perform all the
basic functions...
Amoeba carries out movement, intake of food,
gaseous exchange and excretion in one single
cell
Division of labour...
 Division of labour...
• Cells specialising in one function are often grouped together in
the body.
• Since they carry out only a particular function, they do it very
efficiently.
• Example in human beings,
a) nerve cells carry messages
b) blood flows to transport oxygen etc
c) In plants, vascular bundles carry food and water from one
part to the other.
 Cluster of cells: Tissues
• So a particular function is carried out by a cluster of
cells at a definite place in the body.
• These clustered cells are arranged and designed so that
they give the highest possible efficiency of function.
 Tissues
A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to
achieve a particular function forms a tissue
Tissues
Are animal and plants made up
of same type of tissues?????
 Difference between plants and
animals
PLANTS ANIMALS
• They are stationary or fixed. They can move around in
• They have to be upright so search of food, mate and
require large amount of shelter.
supportive tissue which They consume more energy
generally comprise of dead compared to plants so their
cell. tissues are mostly living
 Growth
PLANTS ANIMALS
• Limited to certain region. Growth is uniform.
• Structural organization is It is far more complex.
comparatively simple
 Plant tissues
The growth in plant is limited to certain regions. There are some
tissues that divide throughout their life. And are localised in
certain regions.based on the dividing capacity, plant tissues
can be classified as:
a) Meristematic tissues
b) Permanent tissues
 Meristematic tissues
A group of living cells which
are located at specific
locations and divide
continuously to add new
cells to the plant body.
Depending on the region
where they are present,
meristematic tissues are
classified as apical, lateral
and intercalary.
Types of
meristematic
tissues..
Apical meristem is present
at the growing tips of
stems and roots. It
increases their length.
The girth of the stem and
root increases due to lateral
meristem.
Intercalary meristem in
some plants is located near
the node.
 Characteristics of cells of these
type of tissue ...
Very active cells.
Have dense cytoplasm,
thin cellulose walls and
prominent nuclei.
They lack vacuoles.
Why do plants require less energy
compared to those of animals?
Why do cells of meristematic
tissues lack vacuoles?
 Permanent tissues
What is differentiation?
A process by which some cells of meristematic
tissues lose their ability to divide and take up a
permanent shape size and function is called
differentiation.
It leads to the production of various types of
permanent tissues.
 Permanent tissues
They may be defined as a group or collection of living or dead
cells formed by meristematic tissues and have lost their ability
to divide and have permanently placed at fixed positions in
plant body
Section cutting of a stem
 Simple permanent tissues
These tissues are composed of similar type of cells which have
common origin and function and are located a few layers
beneath the epidermis.
They are further grouped into three categories:
 Parenchyma
• Most common type
• Consists of unspecialized
cells with thin cell walls.
• Living cells
• Loosely arranged and have
large intercellular spaces
• Generally stores food
• They are of two types:
Chlorenchyma and
Aerenchyma.
 Types of parenchyma
CHLORENCHYMA AERENCHYMA
• Chlorophyll containing • Parenchyma of aquatic
parenchyma to perform plants have large air cavities
photosynthesis that help them to float
 Collenchyma
• Living tissues
• Cells are elongated and
irregularly thickened at
the corners.
• Have very little
intercellular spaces.
 Collenchyma
• Provide flexibility and
mechanical support in plants
• Allows bending of various
plant parts like tendrils and
stems of climbers without
breaking.
• Present in leaf stalks below
the epidermis.
Difference between parenchyma and
collenchyma
PARENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA
1. The tissues consists of thin 1. The tissue consists of living
walled living cells. cells that have elongation and
irregular thickenings at the
2. It is distributed in almost
corners.
all the parts of the plant
2. It mostly occur to the aerial
body.
parts of the plants.
3. the living cells of 3. It is the chief supporting tissue
parenchyma assimilate and in young dicotyledonous
store food. They also store stems. It resists the tearing of
waste products breaking effect by the wind in
the leaves
 Sclerenchyma
• Cells are dead.
• Cells are long narrow as the
walls are thickened due to
lignin.
• Often there is no
intercellular space.
 Sclerenchyma
• Present in stems around the
vascular bundles, in the
veins of leaves and in the
hard covering of seeds and
nuts.
• It makes the plant hard and
stiff
• Provides strength to the
plant parts.
The outer most layer : epidermis
 Epidermis
• Usually made up of
single layer of cells.
• Cells are relatively flat
without intercellular
spaces.
• Their outer side walls
are thicker than the
inner walls.
 Functions of epidermis
• In some plants living in very dry habitats, the entire
surface of the plant has an outer covering of epidermis.
• The primary function of epidermis is these plant is
protecting against water loss which is critical.
• Epidermal cells on aerial parts of the plant often
secrete a waxy, water-resistant layer on their outer
surface.
• This aids in protection against loss of water,
mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.
 Small pores in the epidermis..

• We can observe small pores here and there in

the epidermis..these pores are called stomata.
 Stomata
• Stomata are enclosed by two kidney – shaped guard cells.
They are neccesary for exchanging gases with the atmosphere.
• Transpiration also takes places through stomata
 Epidermal cells of the root
Cells bear long hair like
parts that greatly increase
the total absorptive surface
area.
The primary function is
water absorption.
Why do the epidermis of dessert plants have
a thick waxy coating of cutin on its outer
surface?
• Epidermis is present as
a thick waxy coating of
cutin in desert plants so as
to lessen the rate of
transpiration. This easy
layer helps the desert
plants in
maintain their water
quantity and helps them to
not dry.
Is the branch of a tree different from
the outer layer of a young stem????
• As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue undergoes
certain changes .
• A strip of secondary meristem located in the cortex forms
layer of cells which constitute the cork
• Cells of the cork are dead and compactly arranged without
intercellular spaces.
• They have suberin in their walls that makes them impervious
to gases and water
 What will happen if apical
meristem is damaged?
• If apical meristem is damaged or removed
from the plant, then the growth of the
plant will stop. As this is required for the
growth and the elongation of the roots, of the
stem and increases the length of the plant. If it
is cut then the growth will gradually stop
within the plant.
Give reasons for the
following
 Intercellular spaces are absent in
sclerenchymatous tissue
• Intercellular spaces are absent in
sclerenchymatous tissues because they have a
cementing substance (known as lignin) around
their cell membrane which makes them stiff
and hard.
Branches of a tree move and bend
freely in high wind velocity.
• The branches of trees move and bend freely in
wind because the branches of the tress have
collenchyma cells. Collenchyma is a very
flexible tissue. It gives mechanical strength
and support to the plant body. It also provides
elasticity to plants causing it to bend when the
wind velocity is high without breaking the
branch.
It is difficult to pull out the husk of
coconut.
• The husk of a cocunut tree is hard to pull
out because ,it is made up of scelerenchyma
tissues which is ade of dead cells.
Sclerenchyma gives rigidity and stiffness to
the plant and also due to the presence of lignin
on the walls of the cells we find it tough
to pull the husk out
 Complex permanent tissues
• Plants possess yet another type of permanent
tissue called the complex tissue.
• A complex permanent tissue may be defined
as a group of more than one type of cells
having a common origin and working
together as a unit to perform a common
function
Types of complex permanent tissue
Different types of cells in a vascular
bundle
• Vascular tissue is a distinctive feature of the
complex plants, one that has made possible
their survival in the terrestrial environment.
 Xylem
• Xylem is the chief conducting tissue of
vascular plants responsible of water and
inorganic solutes.
• The tissue is composed of four kind of cells.
1.Tracheids
2.Vessels ( or tracheae)
3.Xylem parenchyma
4.Xylem fibres
 Tracheids
• Tracheids are elongated
tube-like dead cells with
oblique end walls. The
end walls remain intact
and possess bordered
pits. In transverse
section, they usually
appear angular or
polygonal. The walls are
hard and lignified.
 Vessels(or tracheae)
• The cells of vessels are
placed one upon the other
and their end walls are either
absent or possess
perforations. They form long
tubes or channels for
conduction of water and
minerals. Vessels are found
mainly in angiosperms.
Tracheids and vessels are
together called tracheary
elements.
 Xylem parenchyma
• These are living
parenchymatous cells
present in the xylem.
They help in lateral
conduction of organic
solutes and storage of
food reserves.
 Xylem fibres
• These are lignified
fibres present in the
xylem. They help in
lateral conduction of
organic solutes and
storage of food reserves.
Functions of xylem
 Functions of xylem
1. Xylem is major conducting tissue in vascular
plants. It serves in the upward movement of
water and mineral salts from root to different
aerial parts of the plant.
2. Xylem gives mechanical strength to the plant
body.
 Phloem
• Phloem is the chief
food-conducting tissue
of vascular plants. It is
regarded as living
conducting tissue
responsible for
translocation of organic
solutes.
 Components of phloem
• 1. Sieve cells
• 2. Sieve tubes
• 3. Companion cells
• 4. Phloem fibres
• 5. Phloem parenchyma
 Sieve tubes
• Sieve tubes arelong
tubular structure
composed of elongated
sieve tube cells placed one
above the other forming a
continuous tube.
• The end walls of the sieve
tube elements are called
sieve plates which are
perforated by numerous
pores.
 Companion cells
• These are living cells
associated with the
sieve tubes and they
arise from the same
initial cell and therefore
form a single functional
unit.
 Phloem parenchyma
• The living
parenchymatous cells
present in the phloem
are called phloem
parenchyma.
 Phloem fibres
• Dead sclerenchymatous
fibres present in the
phloem are called
phloem fibres.
 Functions of phloem
• The main function of phloem is translocation
of organic solutes from leaves to the storage
organs and later from storage organs to
growing regions.
• This is achieved by special anatomical
features.
ANIMAL TISSUES
 Introduction
• Animals move around in search of food
and shelter.
• Animals consume more energy as
compared to plants.
• Most of the animal tissues are living.
• The structural organization of organ
and organ system is more complex in
animals.
 Classification
On the basis of the structure of cells and their
function, animal tissues are classified into four major
types:
 Epithelial tissue
• It consists of cells which form
membranes.
• This membrane covers the body
surface and the glands.
• The covering or protective tissues in
the animal body are epithelial tissues.
• Epithelium covers most organs and
cavities within the body.
• It also forms a barrier to keep
different body systems separate.
• The skin, the lining of the mouth, the
lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and
kidney tubules are all made of
epithelial tissue.
• The cells are tightly packed and form a
continuous sheet.
• They have only a small amount of
cementing material between them and
almost no intercellular spaces.
 Functions of Epithelial Tissue:

Epithelial cells protect the underlying cells from

mechanical and chemical injuries and bacterial or viral
infection.
It covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also
forms a barrier to keep different body system separate.
Epithelial tissues help in absorption of water and nutrients
Epithelial tissues help in elimination of waste products.
Some epithelial tissues secrete secretion, such as sweat,
saliva etc.
Note: Epithelial tissue may be simple, i.e., composed of a
single layer of cells, or stratified, i.e., made up of several
layers of cells.
 Types of epithelial tissue
Depending upon the
shape and function of
the cells, the
epithelial tissues are
classified as follows:
 Squamous epithelium
 Cuboidal epithelium
 Columnar epithelium
 Glandular epithelium
 Ciliated epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
• The cells are
extremely thin and
flat and form a
delicate lining.
• The lining of
oesophagus and the
mouth are covered
with squamous
epithelium.
 Stratified squamous epithelium
• The cells are arranged
in many layers to
prevent wear and tear.
• Since they are arranged
in a pattern of layers,
the epithelium is called
stratified squamous
• The skin, which
protects the body, is
made of squamous
epithelium.
 Columnar epithelium
• The columnar (meaning ‘pillar-like’)
epithelium facilitates movement
across the epithelial barrier.
• It is present where absorption and
secretion occur, as in the inner lining
of the intestine, tall epithelial cells
are present.
• In the respiratory tract, the
columnar epithelial tissue also has
cilia, which are hair-like projections
on the outer surfaces of epithelial
cells.
• These cilia can move, and their
movement pushes the mucus forward
to clear it. This type of epithelium is
thus ciliated columnar epithelium.
 Cuboidal epithelium
• Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-
shaped cells) forms the lining of
kidney tubules and ducts of
salivary glands, where it
provides mechanical support.
• Epithelial cells often acquire
additional specialisation as gland
cells, which can secrete
substances at the epithelial
surface.
• Sometimes a portion of the
epithelial tissue folds inward
and a multicellular gland is
formed.
• This is glandular epithelium.
Differences between different types of epithelial tissues:
 Connective tissue
• It protects and supports the body.
• The cells are loosely spaced and
embedded in an intercellular matrix.
• The matrix may be jelly like, fluid,
dense or rigid.
• The nature of matrix differs in
concordance with the function of the
particular connective tissue.
Types of connective tissue
 Areolar tissue
• It fills the space inside
the organs, and
supports internal
organs.
• It helps in repair of
tissues.
• It is found between
the skin and muscles,
around blood vessels
and nerves and in the
bone marrow.
 Adipose tissue
• They are the Fat
storing tissues, which
are filled with fat
globules
• These tissues are
found below the skin
and between internal
organs.
• Due to the storage of
fats, it acts as an
insulator.
 Bone and ligament
• It forms the framework which also
anchors the muscles and supports
the main organs of the body.
• It is a strong and nonflexible tissue.
• Bone cells are embedded in a hard
matrix that is composed of calcium
and phosphorus compounds.
• Two bones can be connected to each
other by another type of connective
tissue called the ligament.
• This tissue is very elastic and has
considerable strength.
• Ligaments contain very little matrix.
• Another type of connective tissue
is tendons
• Tendons are fibrous tissue which
connects bones to muscles.
• They are with great strength but
limited flexibility.
 Cartilage
• They are widely spaced
cells.
• The solid matrix is
composed of proteins
and sugars.
• Cartilage smoothen
bone surfaces at joints.
• It is present in the
nose, ear, trachea and
larynx.
 Blood
• Blood has a fluid (liquid)
matrix called plasma, in
which red blood cells (RBCs),
white blood cells (WBCas)
and platelets are suspended.
• The plasma contains
proteins, salts and
hormones.
• Blood flows and transports
gases, digested food,
hormones and waste
materials to different parts
of the body.
 Muscular tissue
• It consists of elongated
cells, which are also
known as muscle fibres.
• It helps in movement of
body structure.
• They contain special
proteins called
contractile proteins,
which contract and
relax to cause
movement in the body.
 Striated muscles
• The cells are long, cylindrical,
unbranched and multinucleate
(having many nuclei).
• These muscles are called voluntary
muscles, because they show
movement when we want.
• These muscles are also called
skeletal muscles.
• They are mostly attached to bones
and help in body movement.
• These muscles show alternate light
and dark bands or striations when
observed under the microscope,
due to this reason they are also
called striated muscles.
 Smooth/unstriated muscles
• The cells are long with pointed
ends (spindle-shaped) and
uninucleate (having a single
nucleus).
• They are also called unstriated
muscles.
• They are under the control of
involuntary muscles.
• The movement of food in the
alimentary canal or the contraction
and relaxation of blood vessels are
involuntary movements.
• They are also found in the iris of
the eye, in ureters and in the
bronchi of the lungs.
 Cardiac muscles
• The muscles of the
heart are involuntary in
nature and called
cardiac muscles.
• The cells are cylindrical
in shape, branched and
uninucleate.
• The heart muscles show
rhythmic contraction
and relaxation
throughout life.
 Nervous tissue
• The cells of nervous tissue are highly
specialized and the cells of this tissue are
called nerve cells or neurons.
• Nervous tissue stimulates and transmits the
stimulus very rapidly from one place to
another within the body.
• The brain, spinal cord and nerves are
composed of the nervous tissue.
• A neuron consists of a cell body which
comprises of nucleus and cytoplasm, from
which long thin hair-like parts arise.
• The neuron has a single long part, called the
axon, which transmit the nerve impulse to
body parts.
• The neuron has short, branched parts called
dendrites.
• Many nerve fibers combine together by
connective tissue and form a nerve.
• Nerve impulse enables animals to move
rapidly in response to stimuli.