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Polynomials CHAPTER 2 CLASS 10 Content 1

Here are 3 practice questions on zeros of polynomials from Exercise 2.1 in your register: 1) Find the zero of the linear polynomial 5x - 3. Solution: Let k be the zero. Then, 5k - 3 = 0. Adding 3 to both sides gives 5k = 3. Dividing both sides by 5 gives k = 3/5. 2) Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x^2 - 5x + 6. Solution: Let k be a zero. Then, k^2 - 5k + 6 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, the zeros are k = 2, 3. 3) Find the zeros of the cubic polynomial x^3 - 3x

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77 views14 pages

Polynomials CHAPTER 2 CLASS 10 Content 1

Here are 3 practice questions on zeros of polynomials from Exercise 2.1 in your register: 1) Find the zero of the linear polynomial 5x - 3. Solution: Let k be the zero. Then, 5k - 3 = 0. Adding 3 to both sides gives 5k = 3. Dividing both sides by 5 gives k = 3/5. 2) Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x^2 - 5x + 6. Solution: Let k be a zero. Then, k^2 - 5k + 6 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, the zeros are k = 2, 3. 3) Find the zeros of the cubic polynomial x^3 - 3x

Uploaded by

Sayali Patil
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POLYNOMIALS

CLASS – X
Introduction

In class IX, you have studied polynomials in one variable and their degrees. Recall that if p(x) is a
polynomial in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of the polynomial p(x). Few examples
are:
POLYNOMIAL DEGREE

NOTE : Expressions like , , etc., are not polynomials.


TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS
TYPE NAME EXAMPLES GENERAL FORM
A polynomial of Linear polynomial 2x – 3 , y + , , etc., ax+b ; where a and
degree 1 b are real numbers
and a≠0
 
 
A polynomial of Quadratic polynomial y2 – 2 , 2x2+ 3x-1/2 , ax2+bx+c ; where
degree 2 , etc., a,b and c are real
numbers and a≠0
 
A polynomial of Cubic polynomial 2 – x3 , , ax3+bx2+cx+d ;
degree 3 3x3- 2x2+x-1, etc., where a,b,c and d
are real numbers
and a≠0
 
LET’S RECALL……
Consider the polynomial,
on putting, ; -6 is the value of at
on putting, ; -4 is the value of at
TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS

In general , if p(x) is a polynomial in x, and if k is any real number, then the value obtained
by replacing x by k in p(x), is called the value of p(x) at x=k, and is denoted by p(k).

Let us take another polynomial p(x) = x2 – 3x – 4

Here, p(-1) = (-1)2 – 3(-1) – 4 = 0 and p(4) = (4)2 – 3(4) – 4 = 0 ; - 1 and 4 are called the zeroes of
the quadratic polynomial x2 – 3x – 4

In general, a real number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k)=0

You have studied in class IX, how to find the zeroes of a linear polynomial. For example, if k is a
zero of p(x) = 2 x + 3, then p(k) = 0 gives 2 k + 3 = 0 , that is , k = - 3/2.

In general, if k is a zero of p(x) = a x + b , then p(k) = a k + b = 0 gives, k = - b/a


So, the zero of the linear polynomial a x + b is – b / a = - ( constant term )/( coefficient of x )
GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL
A real number k is a zero of the polynomial p(x) if p(k)=0. 

Consider first, a linear polynomial ax + b , a≠0. You have studied in class IX that the graph of y=ax + b is a
straight line.
For example, the graph of y = 2x + 3 is a straight line passing through the points ( -2 , - 1) and ( 2 , 7 ).

Here, we can see that graph of y=2x + 3


intersects x-axis at (-3/2 , 0). We also
know that the zero of 2x+3 is -3/2.
Thus, the zero of 2x+3 is the x-
coordinate of the point where the graph
of y = 2x + 3 intersects x – axis
GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL
In general, for a linear polynomial ax + b , a≠0, the graph of y=ax+b is a straight line which intersects the
x-axis at exactly one point , namely (-b/a , 0 ).

Therefore, the linear polynomial ax + b , a≠0,has exactly one zero, namely, the x-coordinate of the point
where the graph of y=ax+b intersects the x-axis.

Now, let us talk about the geometrical meaning of zero of a


quadratic polynomial.
Consider the quadratic polynomial x2 - 3x – 4.Let us draw the graph
of y = x2 - 3x – 4
GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL

You can see from the above table that – 1 and 4 are zeroes of the quadratic polynomial. Also, note
that , from the graph, - 1 and 4 are the coordinates of the points where the graph of y = x2 - 3x – 4
intersects the x-axis.

Thus, the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 - 3x – 4 are the x-coordinates of the points
where the graph of y = x2 - 3x – 4 intersects the x-axis.

The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c, a≠0, are precisely the x-coordinates of the
points where the parabola representing y = ax2+bx+c intersects the x-axis.
GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL

From our observation following three cases can


happen
GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL
ZEROES OF A CUBIC POLYNOMIAL
Consider a cubic polynomial x3 – 4 x. To see the graph of y = x3 – 4 x, let us list a few values of y
corresponding to a few values of x as shown in the table below:
Locating the points of the table on the graph paper
and drawing the graph, we see that the graph of
y = x3 – 4 x actually looks like the one given below:
ZEROES OF A CUBIC POLYNOMIAL
Now, consider the cubic polynomials x3 and x3- x2. We draw the graphs of y = x3 and y = x3- x2

OBSERVATIONS:
1. 0 is the only zero of the polynomial x3. So, 0
is the x-coordinate of the only point where
the graph of y = x3 intersects the x-axis.

2. x3- x2 = x2( x – 1 ) , 0 and 1 are the zeroes of


the polynomial x3- x2. So, 0 and 1are the only
points where the graph of y = x3- x2
intersects the x-axis.

REMARK:
In general, given a polynomial p(x) of degree
n, the graph of y=p(x) intersects x-axis at
atmost n points. Therefore, a polynomial
p(x) of degree n has atmost n real zeroes.
Solution:
(i) The number of zeroes is 1 as the
graph intersects the x-axis at one
point only.

(ii) The number of zeroes is 2 as the


graph intersects the x-axis at two
points

(iii) The number of zeroes is 3. (Why?)

(iv) The number of zeroes is 1. (Why?)

(v) The number of zeroes is 1. (Why?)

(vi) The number of zeroes is 4. (Why?)


Videos:

 https://youtu.be/XAuAH64puJU : VIDEO ON ZERO OF A LINEAR POLYNOMIAL

 https://youtu.be/s-AlezS1ByQ : VIDEO ON ZERO OF A QUADRATIC


POLYNOMIAL

 https://youtu.be/bSzmfUdBp2w : VIDEO ON ZERO OF A CUBIC POLYNOMIAL


PRACTICE QUESTIONS: DO EXERCISE 2.1 IN YOUR REGISTER

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