Power Transmission and Distribution
Principles of system protection technology
Transformer Differential Protection
Basic principles : Kirchhoff’s knot rule
Basis for Differential-Protection:
I1
I2
I4
I3
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0 ∑ I = 0
Definition:
Currents, which flow into the node (protected object), are taken as positive.
Currents, which flow out of the node (protected object), are counted negative.
Protection objects:
Line, Transformer, Generator/Motor, Bus bar
Principles Transf. Diff 2
Basic principles: current comparison
IP1 IP2 IP1 IP2
I1F I2F IF
Protected Protected
object object
IS1 IS2 IS1 IS2
IS1 IS2
∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│ ∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│
internal fault external fault or load
Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1 Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1
IP1 = I1F IP1 = IF
IP2 = I2F IP2 = -IF
IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = │I1F + I2F │ IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = IF - IF = 0
Trip no Trip
Requirements for Differential Protection:
1) Internal faults ( faults between CT-sets ) Trip
2) External faults no Trip
Principles Transf. Diff 3
Basic principles : restrained current comparison (1/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT-errors
Ct 1: Ct 2:
IP1 ε1= - 5% ε2 = +5% IP2 = -IP1
Protected IF
object
IS1= IS2=
0.95·IP1 IDiff = 0.1·IP1
1.05·IP2
∆I
assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1
IDiff = │IS1 + IS2 │= │(1+ε1)· IP1 + (1+ε2)·IP2 │=│0.95· IP1 – 1.05· IP1│= 0.1·IP1
-normal operation: IP1 = IN
IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 0.1·IN
-external fault: assumption: IP1 = 10·IN
IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 1·IN
As the setting IDiff> for usual applications
is below nominal current, Restrained characteristic necessary!
it would cause a wrong trip in case of
external faults with heavy current!
Principles Transf. Diff 4
Basic principles: restrained current comparison (2/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT- errors
CT 1: CT 2:
IP1 ε1= - 5% IP2 = -IP1
ε2 = + 5% IF
Protected
object
IRest IRest =│IS1│+│IS2│
IRest = 2·IP1
IS2=
IS1= 1.05·IP2
0.95·IP1
IDiff= │IS1+ IS2│
IDiff
IDiff = 0.1·IP1
Setting due to Linear error due to
magnetising or different
charging currents CT transformation
IDiff=
│IS1+IS2│
Resulting Under the following assumption
characteristic
IN
│ε1 │ = │ε2 │ and I1 = I2
Trip
the result for a conventional
Differential Prot. characteristic
should be:
Block IDiff = IDiff> + ε1·I1 + ε2·I2
IDiff> = IDiff> + 2·ε1 ·I1
2
with IDiff> = setting
10 IRest =│IS1│+│IS2│
Principles Transf. Diff 5
Basic principles: measuring circuit for a 3-phase system
Basic circuit for a 3- phase system:
Generator / Motor / Reactor
L1
L2
L3
Diff.
Rest. current
Conventional
Differential Protection
Principles Transf. Diff 6
Transformer Differential Protection special qualities
Angle shifting N·30° due to vector group (0 ≤ N ≤ 11)
for 3-phase transformers.
Different current values of the CT- sets on the high voltage side (HV)
and on the low voltage side (LV)
Zero sequence current in case of external faults will cause
differential current
Transformer-tap changer, magnetising current
Transient currents
Inrush
CT-saturation
Principles Transf. Diff 7
3-phase Transformer: primary values
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: Yd5
side 2: 20kV, 2887A side 1: 110kV, 525A
3000/1A 750/1A
2L1 1L1
I2L1 I1L1
I2*L1
2L2 1L2
I2L2 I1L2
I2*L2
2L3 1L3
I2L3 I1L3
I2*L3
kU = U1N/U2N = 110kV/20kV = 5.5
kWinding = w1/w2 = kU/√3
I2*L1 = -I1L1·ku /√3 + I1L2·ku /√3
I2*L3
I1L1ku/√3
I1L1
5·30°
I2*L2
I1L2ku /√3
I1L3 I1L2
-I1L1ku /√3
I2*L1
Principles Transf. Diff 8
3-phase Transformer : secondary values
SN I
I L1sec NCT1sec
3 U N I NCTlprim
100MVA 1A
I1L1sec 0.7A
3 110kV 750A
I1L1sec= 0.7A , 0°
100MVA 1A
I2L1sec 0.96A
3 20kV 3000A
IDiff L1 = │I1L1sec+ I2L1sec│
= 0.5A
I2L1sec = 0.96A , -150°
Principles Transf. Diff 9
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (1/2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A ILoad=
525A L1
2887A
L2
L3
0.96A 0.7A
Diff. 29 23
IR Wdg. Wdg.
Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling
nominal Load (no fault): 0.70A ·23Wdg = 0.555A ·29Wdg, IR = 0.555·√3 = 0.96A
Principles Transf. Diff 10
Transformers in star-delta connection: I0-current
Vector group: YNd5 , Ratio: 1/√3
side 2: side 1:
~ L1
~ L2
~ L3
3I0
IL1(S2) = -IL1(S1) , IL3(S2) = IL1(S1)
I L1(S2) IL3(S2) IL1(S1)
1 2 3
positive No Problem for
I1
sequence Differential Protection
- 5·30°
IL1(S2) = I1 + I2 IL1(S1)= I1 + I2 + I0 = 3I0
IL2(S2) = a2·I1 + a·I2 = 0
+ + IL2(S1)= a2·I1 + a·I2 + I0 = 0
IL3(S2) = a·I1 + a2·I2 IL3(S1)= a·I1 + a2·I2 + I0 = 0
+ 5·30°
negative No Problem for
I2
sequence Differential Protection
+
Differential Protection
zero sequence I0
I0 elimination nessesary
Principles Transf. Diff 11
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (2/2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A
~ L1
13655A
~ L2
~ L3
3I0
IP=
4.55A 5.73A 4300A
Diff. 29 23
IR Wdg. Wdg.
Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling
single pole fault HV -side: 5.73A ·23Wdg = 4.550A ·29Wdg , IR = 4.55A
Principles Transf. Diff 12
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (1/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
CT 2 side 2: 20kV side 1: 110kV CT 1
3000/1A 750/1A
I2L1P I1L1P
2L1 1L1
I2L2P I1L2P
2L2 1L2
I2L3P I1L3P
2L3 1L3
I2L1S I2A I1A I1L1S
Current Io – Vector Io – Current
I2L2S value handling group
I2B comparison I1B
handling value
I1L2S
adaptation adaptation adaptation
CT 2
∆I CT 1
I2L3S I2C I1C I1L3S
Numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Principles Transf. Diff 13
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (2/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Parameterisation of transformer and CT- data
in a 7UT6 Differential Protection Device
I0-Elimination
Principles Transf. Diff 14
Tripping characteristic of Transformer Differential Protection
CT-errors , Tap changer , Magnetising current
I Diff
InO
3.0 Fault
Characteristic
2.5
Trip
slope 2
Total error
2.0
Block
1.5
CT- error
1.0
slope 1 Tap changer error
0.5
IDiff>
Transf. magnetising current
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 I Rest InO
Characteristic: IDiff = f (IRest) InO = nominal current of the protected object
IRest = |I1| + |I2|
Principles Transf. Diff 15
Transient currents (with Harmonics)
- Inrush of Transformers (1 of 2)
i1 iDiff = i1
even
Inrush
2. Harm.
Y Y
t=0
i1 i2 = 0
even i1 iDiff = i1
Inrush
2. Harm.
Y
∆
t=0
i1 I2 = 0
Connecting -T2 in parallel with -T1
(Sympathetic Inrush –T1) i1
-T1 -T1: iDiff = i1
i1 I2 = 0
-T2
t=0
Inrush -T2 t=0 t
Principles Transf. Diff 16
Inrush, cross block, over excitation [V/Hz] (2 of 2)
filter window
1 cycle
iRUSH Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)
= iDiff Inrush current
in one phase L1-block IDiff, L1 > trip blocking
L2-block IDiff, L2 > trip blocking
L3-block IDiff, L3 > trip blocking
1P 2P 3P t
I 2har
I Diff block Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)
L1-block
Setting
15 %
value L2-block OR IDiff > trip blocking
≥1 for an adjustable time
L3-block
no block
0
0 t
recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2har to basic wave IDiff.
Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.
recognise over excitation [V/Hz] by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to basic wave
Principles Transf. Diff 17
Demonstration of Inrush with evolving fault
Internal
fault
IDiff>>
Inrush
IDiff>
3 cycles
Cross Blocking
Principles Transf. Diff 18
Transient currents (with harmonics) (1/2)
- Over excitation and CT- saturation
iDiff = i1 + i2
Over excitation (U/f)
UTr > UN uneven
5. Harm.
i1 i2
External fault with i1
CT-saturation at the iDiff = i1 + (-i2)
even
low voltage side and
uneven i2
HV LV
i1 i2
Internal fault with I1 (ideal CT)
CT-saturation at the iDiff = i1
high voltage side even
and
uneven i1
HV LV
i1 I2 ≈ 0
Principles Transf. Diff 19
Transient currents (with harmonics) (2/2)
- Over excitation and CT- saturation
Principle of Add-on stabilisation for external faults
I Diff Tripping characteristic 7UT6
InO
IDiff>>
7
Fault
6 Characteristic Trip
Block
5
D
C
4
3
Add-on
Stabilisation
2
1
Begin of saturation
IDiff> B
0 14 I Rest
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16
A
InO
Principles Transf. Diff 20
Demonstration of add-on stabilisation
Fault
Characteristic
Block
Trip
Add-Stabilisation
Principles Transf. Diff 21
Differential elements IDiff> and IDiff>>
measured value Instantaneous Tripping characteristic,
pre-processing values saturation detection
( vector gr. ,Ct’s ) rectified mean value: IDiff
i1L iRest = │i1│ + │i2│
side 1 IRest = iRest
i2L fundamental wave: Trip
side 2 iDiff = i1 + i2 IDiff = rms(iDiff)50Hz
IDiff>
IRest & IDiff>
Motor start
DC off set
analysing of harmonics:
-block by 2. & 3. or 5.har
-cross block
iDiff iRest IRest IDiff
IDiff
IDiff>>
Trip
I / InO
≥1
I / InO
iDiff IDiff>>
k·IDiff>>
ms ms
IDiff> restrained (biased) differential function, IDiff> = f(IRest)
- Ct-saturation detector (add on stabilization) for external faults.
IDiff>> fast unrestrained high current differential function, it’s setting therefore should be higher then
the maximum possible through flowing current! Example Transformer: I Diff>> > (1/uk)·InO
This function will be not blocked by harmonics due to an inrush or Ct-saturation!
The IDiff>> stage evaluates the fundamental wave of the currents as well as the instantaneous values.
- Fundamental wave processing: fast tripping at the set threshold.
- Instantaneous value processing: ensures fast tripping even in case the fundamental wave
of the current is strongly reduced by Ct-saturation. Because of the possible DC offset after fault
inception, the instantaneous value stage operates only above twice the set threshold.
Principles Transf. Diff 22
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (1/2)
SN = 100 MVA
UN2 = 20 kV UN1 = 110 kV
3000/1A 750/1A
IP2 = 2750A IP1 = 500A
(load current) Side 2 Side 1 (load current)
InO2 = 2887A InO1 = 525A
measured
IS2 = -0.916A 7UT6 IS1 = 0.66A secondary currents
7UM62
IDiff = ?
IRest = ?
Principles Transf. Diff 23
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (2/2)
SN
1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current I nO
3 USetting
I NCT
2. Correction factor kW
I nO
3. Correction nominal current I* = kW·IS
4. Calculation of the differential and IDiff = |I1* + I2*| IRest = |I1*| + |I2*|
restraint current
Calculation example:
SN = 100MVA UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 20kV
IN1CT = 750A IN2CT = 3000A
Correction factors: kW1 = 1.428 kW2 = 1.039 IDiff = 0A
Load conditions: Ip1 = 500A Ip2 = 2750A IRest = 1.9A
Secondary currents: Is1 = 0.666A Is2 = -0.916A IDiff = 0·InO
Matched currents: IRest = 1.9·InO
I1* = 0.95A I2* = -0.95A
Principles Transf. Diff 24
