SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING UNIT - 2

MOMENT DIAGRAMS
BEAM TYPES
TYPES OF LOADS IN BEAM
CONCENTRATED OR POINT LOAD

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD

 SHEAR FORCE
It is one which shows variation of the shear force along the length of the beam.
It is one which tries to shear off the section in a beam
It is obtained as algebraic sum of all the forces acting normal to the axis of beam
either to the left or to the right of the section.
 BENDING MOMENT
It is one which shows variation of the moment along the length of the
beam.
It is one which tries the beam to bend.
It is obtained as algebraic sum of moment of all the forces about the
section, acting either to the left or to the right of the section.
SIGN CONVENTION

SHEAR
FORCE

BENDING
MOMENT
BENDING MOMENT AND
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
DETAILS
SHEAR FORCE BENDING MOMENT
LOAD TYPE
DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

NO LOAD HORIZONTAL LINE INCLINED LINE

UDL INCLINED LINE PARABOLA

UVL PARABOLA CUBICAL PARABOLA

POINT LOAD VERTICAL LINE* VERTICAL LINE*

* Whenever required
 1. THE BEAM IS SUPPORTED AND LOADED AS SHOWN IN FIGURE. DRAW THE
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS INDICATING ALL THE
VALUES. 20 kN 30 kN

1m 1.5 m
Solution: A B C
50 50

Shear Force Bending Moment 30

S.F @ C = 30 kN B.M @ C = 0

S.F @ B = 30 + 20 = 50 kN B.M @ B = - 30 x 1.5

= - 45 kNm
S.F @ A = 30+20 = 50 kN
B.M @ A = - 30 x 2.5 – 20 x 1
= -95 kNm
45

95
 2. THE BEAM IS SUPPORTED AND LOADED AS SHOWN IN FIGURE. DRAW THE
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS INDICATING ALL THE
VALUES. 6 kN

2 kN/m
1.5 m
Solution: A C
B
9 1.5 m
Shear Force 9

S.F @ C = 6 kN 6
S.F @ B = 6 + 2 x 1.5 = 9 kN
S.F @ A = 9 kN
Bending Moment

B.M @ C = 0

B.M @ B = - 6 x 1.5 – (2 x 1.5) x (1.5/2)

= - 11.25 kNm 11.25
B.M @ A = - 6 x 3 – (2 x 1.5) x (1.5 + 1.5/2)
= -24.75 kNm
24.75
3. A CANTILEVER OF LENGTH 2 M CARRIES A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
OF 1.5 KN/M RUN OVER THE WHOLE LENGTH AND A POINT LOAD OF 2 KN AT A
DISTANCE OF 0.5 M FROM THE FREE END. DETERMINE THE SHEAR FORCE AND
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR THE CANTILEVER. 2 kN

SOLUTION: 1.5 kN/m

Shear Force
A 1.5 m B 0.5 m C
S.F @ C = 0
S.F @ B (without 2 kN load) = 1.5 x 0.5 = 0.75 kN 5
S.F @ B (with 2 kN load) = 0.75 + 2 = 2.75 kN
2.75
S.F @ A = 2 + 1.5 x 2 = 5 kN
Bending Moment 0.75
0
B.M @ C = 0
B.M @ B = - (1.5 x 0.5) x (0.5/2) = - 0.1875 kNm
0.1875 0
B.M @ A = - 2 x 1.5 – (1.5 x 2) x (2/2) = - 6 kNm

6
 4. A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OF LENGTH 6 M, CARRIES POINT LOAD OF 3 KN
AND 6 KN AT DISTANCES OF 2 M AND 4 M FROM THE LEFT END. DRAW THE
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR THE BEAM.
Solution: 3 kN 6 kN

On Solving we get,
A D
RA = 4 kN
RD = 5 kN 2m B 2m C 2m
4 kN 5 kN
Shear Force Bending Moment RA RD

S.F @ D = -5 kN B.M @ D = 0

S.F @ C = 6-5 = 1 kN B.M @ C = 5 x 2 = 10 kNm

S.F @ B = 6-5+3 = 4 kN B.M @ B = 5 x 4 – 6 x 2

= 8 kNm
S.F @ A = 6-5+3-4 = 0
B.M @ A = 0
 5. DRAW THE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS OF A
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OF LENGTH 7 M CARRYING UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED LOADS AS SHOWN IN FIGURE
A 10 kN/m B C 5 kN/m D
SOLUTIO On Solving we get,
N: 3m 2m 2m
R = 25 kN A RA
25 RD
RD = 15 kN
Shear Force
kN 25 15
S.F @ D = - 15 kN kN

S.F @ C = -15 + 5 x 2 = - 5 kN
S.F @ B = - 5 kN
S.F @ A (without 25 kN load) = -5 + 10 x 3 = 25 kN 5 5
15
S.F @ A (with 25 kN load) = -5 + 10 x 3 - 25 = 0 kN
Bending Moment
B.M @ D = 0 30
B.M @ C = 15 x 2 – (5 x 2) x (2/2) = 20 kNm 20

B.M @ B = 15 x 4 – (5 x 2) x (2/2 + 2) = 30 kNm

B.M @ A = 0 0 0
 5. DRAW THE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS OF A
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OF LENGTH 7 M CARRYING UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED LOADS AS SHOWN IN FIGURE

P
NOTE:
x
The Point where the shear force changes its sign
(i.e = zero) will have Maximum Bending Moment

SF @ P = -15 + 5 x 2 + 10 (x – 4)

-15 + 5 x 2 + 10 (x – 4) = 0
x = 4.5 m
BM @ P 31.25

= 15 x 4.5 – (5 x 2) x (2/2 + 2.5) – ( 10 x 0.5) x (0.5/2)

BM @ P = 31.25 kNm
 6. DRAW THE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS OF A
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OF LENGTH 4 M AS 2SHOWN IN FIGURE
5
kN kN
A 1 kN/m B C D 1 kN/m E
SOLUTIO On Solving we get,
N: 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m
RA = 3.44 kN RA
RE = 5.06 kN 3.44 kN RE
Shear Force
3.44
5.06 kN
2.94
S.F @ E = - 5.06 kN
S.F @ D (without 5 kN) = - 5.06 + 1 x 0.5 = - 4.56 kN
0.94
S.F @ D (with 5 kN) = - 5.06 + 1 x 0.5 + 5 = 0.44 kN 0.44
S.F @ C = - 5.06 + 5 + 1 x 1 = 0.94 kN
S.F @ B = 0.94 + 2 = 2.94 kN
S.F @ A (without 3.44 kN) = 2.94 + 1 x 0.5 = 3.44 kN
4.56
S.F @ A (with 3.44 kN load) = 0 kN
5.06
6. DRAW THE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS OF A
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OF LENGTH 4 M AS 2SHOWN IN FIGURE
5
kN kN
A 1 kN/m B C D 1 kN/m E
SOLUTIO
N: 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m
Bending Moment
3.44 kN
5.06 kN
B.M @ E = 0
B.M @ D = 5.06 x 0.5 – (1 x 0.5) x (0.5/2) = 2.41 kNm
2.41
B.M @ C = 5.06 x 1 – 5 x 0.5 – (1 x 1) x (1/2) = 2.06 kNm
2.06
B.M @ B = 5.06 x 1.5 – 5 x 1 – (1 x 1) x (1/2 + 0.5) = 1.59 kNm
B.M @ A = 0 1.59

0 0
 7. DRAW THE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR
THE OVERHANGING BEAM CARRYING UDL OF 2KN/M OVER THE
ENTIRE LENGTH AND A POINT LOAD OF 2 KN AS SHOWN IN FIGURE.
ALSO LOCATE THE MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT AND POINT2 OF
CONTRAFLEXURE. A 2 kN/m B kN
SOLUTIO On Solving we get,
N: 4m 2m C
RA = 2 kN RA
RE = 12 kN RE
Shear Force 2 kN 12 kN

S.F @ C = 2 kN

S.F @ B (without 12 kN) = 2 + 2 x 2 = 6 kN 6

S.F @ B (with 12 kN) = 6 - 12 = - 6 kN

S.F @ A (without 2 kN) = 2 + 2 x 6 - 12 = 2 kN 2

2
S.F @ A (with 2 kN) = 2 -2 = 0 kN

6
 7. DRAW THE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR
THE OVERHANGING BEAM CARRYING UDL OF 2KN/M OVER THE
ENTIRE LENGTH AND A POINT LOAD OF 2 KN AS SHOWN IN FIGURE.
ALSO LOCATE THE MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT AND POINT OF2
CONTRAFLEXURE. P Q 2 kN/m kN
A B
Bending Moment
4m 2m C
B.M @ C = 0
2 12
B.M @ B = - 2 x 2 – (2 x 2) x (2/2) = 8 kNm y
B.M @ A = 0 x

S.F @ P = 2 – 12 + 2 x 2 – 12 + 2 x = 0 x=5m

B.M @ P = - 2 x 5 + 12 x 3 – (2 x 5) x (5/2) = 1 kNm

1
B.M @ Q = - 2 y + 12 (y - 2) – 2y (y/2) = 0
0 0
y = 6, 4

Point of Contraflexure  y = 4 m
8
Shear Force

S.F @ C = 20 kN

S.F @ B = 20 - 49.167 = -29.167 kN

S.F @ D = -29.167 kN

S.F @ A (without load) = 20 - 49.167 + 30 x 3 = 60.833 kN

S.F @ A (with load) = 60.833 – 60.833 = 0

Bending Moment
B.M @ C = 0

B.M @ B = -20 x 2 = -40 kNm

B.M @ D = -20 x 5 + 49.167 x 3 = 47.5 kNm

B.M @ A = 0
 x
Zero Shear Force Q
P
S.F @ P = 20 – 49.167 + 30 (x – 5)
y
But S.F @ P = 0

20 – 49.167 + 30 (x – 5) = 0

X = 5.97 m

Zero Bending Moment (Point of

contraflexure)
B.M @ Q = - 20 y + 49.167 (y - 2)
- 20 y + 49.167 (y - 2) = 0

y = 3.371 m
8. A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OF LENGTH 5 M CARRIES A UNIFORMLY
INCREASING LOAD OF 800 N/M RUN AT ONE END TO 1600 N/M RUN AT
THE OTHER END. DRAW THE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAMS FOR THE BEAMS. ALSO CALCULATE THE POSITION AND
MAGNITUDE OF MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT. 1600 N/m
Total force = 800 x 5 + ½ x 800 x 5 = 6000 N
On Solving we get, 800 N/m
RA = 2666.67 kN
RB = 3333.33 kN A B
P
Shear Force x
RA R
SF @ B = - 3333.33 kN 2666.67 B

SF @ A (without 2666.67 N) = 2666.67 kN

SF @ A (with 2666.67 N) = 0 3333.3

Bending Moment

BM @ B = 0

BM @ A = 0
0 0
 8. A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OF LENGTH 5 M CARRIES A UNIFORMLY
INCREASING LOAD OF 800 N/M RUN AT ONE END TO 1600 N/M RUN AT
THE OTHER END. DRAW THE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAMS FOR THE BEAMS. ALSO CALCULATE THE POSITION AND
MAGNITUDE OF MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT. 1600 N/m

800 N/m

800
y
x A B
5 x P
RA R
y x x 2666.67
 y   800 B
800 5 5
1  800 x 
SF @ P (L to R) = 2666.67  .x.   800 x
2  5  3333.3
1  800 x 
2666.67  .x.   800 x  0
2  5 

2666.67  800 x  80 x 2  0

x  2.637 m 0 0
 8. A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OF LENGTH 5 M CARRIES A UNIFORMLY
INCREASING LOAD OF 800 N/M RUN AT ONE END TO 1600 N/M RUN AT
THE OTHER END. DRAW THE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAMS FOR THE BEAMS. ALSO CALCULATE THE POSITION AND
MAGNITUDE OF MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT. 1600 N/m
x  2.637 m
800 N/m
x
y  800 421.92

800
5
A B
x P
2.637 RA
5 R
2666.67 B
BM @ P (L to R)
=

1  1  3333.3
 2666.67  2.637    2.637  421.92     2.637   800  2.637 ( 2.637 / 2)
2  3  3759.48
BM @ P  3759.48

0 0
 OTHER
PROBLEMS
CANTILEVER BEAMS
A Cantilever beam of length 2m carries the point loads as shown in fig. Draw SFD AND BMD

SHEAR FORCE
FD=800N
Fc=800+500=1300N
Fb=800+500+300=1600N
Fa=800+500+300=1600N

BENDING MOMENT
MD=0 N.m
Mc=-800 x 0.8 =-640N.m
Mb= -(800*1.5)-(500*0.7)=-1550N.m
Ma= -(800*2)-(500*1.2)-(300*.05)=-2350N.m
A Cantilver beam of length 2m carries the point loads as shown in fig.Draw SFD AND BMD

SHEAR FORCE
Fb=0KN
Fc=1.5KN
Fa=1.5 KN

BENDING MOMENT
MB=0 kN.m
Mc=-(1.5*0.75) =-1.125kN.m
Ma= -(1.5*1.25)=-1.875kN.m
A Cantilever beam of length 5m IS loaded as shown in fig.Draw SFD AND BMD

SHEAR FORCE
Fb=2.5KN
Fc=2.5KN
FD=4.5KN
FD=7.5KN
Fa=7.5KN
BENDING MOMENT
M b= 0
Mc=-(2.5*0.5)=-1.25KN.m
MD=-(2.5*2.5)-(2*1)=-8.25KN.m
ME=-(2.5*4)-(2*2.5)=-15KN.m
Ma= -(2.5*5)-(2*3.5)-(3*1)=-22.5KN.m
A Cantilever beam of length 2m carries UDL load 1.5KN/m run over the whole length and a point
load of 2KN at a distance of 0.5m from the free end. Draw SFD,BMD

SHEAR FORCE
Fb= 0 KN
Fc=0.75+2=2.75KN
Fa=0.75+2+2.25=5 KN

BENDING MOMENT
Mb= 0 KN.m
Mc=-(0.75*0.25) =-0.1875N.m
Ma= -(0.75*0.25)-(2*1.5)-(2.25*0.75)=-6N.m
A Cantilever beam of length 4m is Carries a gradually varying load, zero at free end to
2KN/m at the fixed end. Draw SFD AND BMD

LOAD==4KN

Distance=
=

SHEAR FORCE
Fb=0KN
Fc=4KN

BENDING MOMENT

MB=0KN.m
Mc=-4 *1.333 =-5.332KN.m
SIMPLY SUPPORTED
AND OVERHANGING
BEAMS
FOR CALCULATION REFERENCE ONLY
 SHEAR FORCE
• Fb=-50KN
• Fd=-50+40=-10KN
• Fc=-50+40+40+50=80KN
• Fa=80KN
BENDING MOMENT
MB=0 kN.m
Md=50*4 =200 kN.m
Mc= -(50*8)-(40*4)-(40*2)=160kN.m
Ma=0 kN.m
Location of point E:
Shear force is zero where the maximum
bending moment occur.
So Fe= 0 KN
80-50-10x=0
30=10x
x=3 from point C

Maximum bending moment:

Me=(80*5)-(50*3)-((10*3)*)

= 400-150-45
.

Maximum bending moment

Me=205KN.m
SHEAR FORCE

Fe=1000N
Fc=1000-2200=-1200N
Fd=1000-2200+2000=800N
Fa=1000-2200+2000-1600=-800N
Fc=0N
Bending moment:
Me=0 N.m
Mc=-(1000*2)=-2000N.m
Md=-(1000*5)+(2200*3)=1600N.m
Ma=-(1000*10)+(2200*8)-(2000*5)=-2400N.m
Mc=0 N.m
POINT OF CONTRAFLEXTURE:
It is the point where the Bending moment is zero

01 With respect from A:

-800(3+X)+1600x=0
2400=800X
X=3 from A
02 With respect from B:
-1000(2+X)+2200x=0
1200=2000X
X=1.66 from B
 RELATION BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR FORCE AND
BENDING MOMENT
1 2
M F M+d
w N/m
M A B
x dx

dx F+d 1 2
F Taking moment at section 2-2 we get,
F  Shear force at section 1-1
F + dF  Shear force at section 2-2  dx 
M  Bending Moment at section 1-1  M  F .dx  w.dx .   M  dM   0
M + dM  Bending Moment at section 2-2  2
w.( dx) 2
Considering the portion of the beam in equilibrium   F .dx  dM
state, we get 2
 FY  0 Neglecting the higher powers,
F  ( F  dF )  w.dx  0 F .dx  dM
dF The rate of change of shear force is dM The rate of change of bending moment
 w F
dx equal to the rate of loading dx is equal to the shear force at the section