CE 224-MECHANICS OF
DEFORMABLE BODIES
MODULE 4-SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS
INTRODUCTION
• A beam is a bar subject to forces or couples
that lie in a plane containing the longitudinal
section of the bar. According to determinacy, a
beam may be determinate or indeterminate.
OBJECTIVES
Learn and understand how beams react
under a given condition.
Solve for the reaction of the supports of a
beam under a given condition.
Plot the shear and moment diagram of
loadings acting on a beam.
STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS
•Statically determinate beams are those beams in
which the reactions of the supports may be
determined by the use of the equations of static
equilibrium.
STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS
• The beams shown below are examples of
statically determinate beams.
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS
• If the number of reactions exerted upon a
beam exceeds the number of equations in
static equilibrium, the beam is said to be
statically indeterminate.
• In order to solve the reactions of the beam, the
static equations must be supplemented by
equations based upon the elastic deformations
of the beam.
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS
• In the case of the propped beam shown,
there are three reactions R1, R2, and M and
only two equations (ΣM = 0 and ΣFv = 0)
can be applied, thus the beam is
indeterminate to the first degree (3 - 2 = 1).
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS
TYPES OF LOADING
• Loads applied to the beam may consist of a
concentrated load (load applied at a point),
uniform load, uniformly varying load, or an
applied couple or moment. These loads are
shown in the following figures.
TYPES OF LOADING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• Consider a simple beam shown of length L
that carries a uniform load of w (N/m)
throughout its length and is held in equilibrium
by reactions R1 and R2. Assume that the beam
is cut at point C a distance of x from he left
support and the portion of the beam to the
right of C be removed. The portion removed
must then be replaced by vertical shearing
force V together with a couple M to hold the
left portion of the bar in equilibrium under the
action of R1 and wx.
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• The couple M is called the resisting moment or
moment and the force V is called the resisting
shear or shear. The sign of V and M are taken to
be positive if they have the senses indicated
above.
EXAMPLE 2
• Beam loaded as shown. Draw the shear and
moment diagram.
SOLUTION:
ΣMA=0
12RD+4800=3(2000)
RD=100 lb
ΣMD=0
12RA=9(2000)+4800
RA=1900 lb Segment CD:
VCD=1900−2000
Segment AB: VCD=−100 lb
VAB=1900 lb MCD=1900x−2000(x−3)−4800
MAB=1900x lb⋅ft MCD=1900x−2000x+6000−4800
MCD=−100x+1200 lb⋅ft
Segment BC:
VBC=1900−2000
VBC=−100 lb
MBC=1900x−2000(x−3)
MBC=1900x−2000x+6000
MBC=−100x+6000 lb⋅ft
SOLUTION:
To draw the shear diagram:
1. At segment AB, the shear is uniformly
distributed at 1900 lb.
2. A shear of -100 lb is uniformly distributed
over segments BC and CD
To draw the Moment Diagram:
3. MAB = 1900x is linear; at x = 0, MAB = 0;
at x = 3 ft, MAB = 5700 lb·ft.
4. For segment BC, MBC = -100x + 6000 is
linear; at x = 3 ft, MBC = 5700 lb·ft; at x =
9 ft, MBC = 5100 lb·ft.
5. MCD = -100x + 1200 is again linear; at x =
9 ft, MCD = 300 lb·ft; at x = 12 ft, MCD =
0.
PROPERTIES OF SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• The following are some important properties
of shear and moment diagrams:
1. The area of the shear diagram to the left or to
the right of the section is equal to the moment
at that section.
2. The slope of the moment diagram at a given
point is the shear at that point.
3. The slope of the shear diagram at a given
point equals the load at that point.
PROPERTIES OF SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
4. The maximum moment occurs at the
point of zero shears. This is in reference
to property number 2, that when the
shear (also the slope of the moment
diagram) is zero, the tangent drawn to
the moment diagram is horizontal.
5. When the shear diagram is increasing,
the moment diagram is concave upward.
6. When the shear diagram is
decreasing, the moment diagram is
concave downward.
SIGN CONVENTION
• The customary sign conventions for shearing
force and bending moment are represented by
the figures below.
SIGN CONVENTION
• An easier way of determining the sign of the bending
moment at any section is that upward forces always
cause positive bending moments regardless of whether
they act to the left or to the right of the exploratory
section.
EXAMPLE 1:
• Without writing shear and moment equations,
draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beams specified in the following problems.
Give numerical values at all change of loading
positions and at all points of zero shear.
• Beam loaded as shown.
SOLUTION:
ΣMA=0 ΣMC=0
6R1+1(30)=4(60) 6R2=2(60)+7(30)
R1= 35 kN R2= 55 kN
To draw the Shear Diagram:
1. VA = R1 = 35 kN
2. VB = VA + Area in load diagram - 60 kN VB =
35 + 0 - 60 = -25 kN
3. VC = VB + area in load diagram + R2 VC = -
25 + 0 + 55 = 30 kN
4. VD = VC + Area in load diagram - 30 kN VD =
30 + 0 - 30 = 0
To draw the Moment Diagram:
5. MA = 0
6. MB = MA + Area in shear diagram MB = 0 +
35(2) = 70 kN·m
7. MC = MB + Area in shear diagram MC = 70 -
25(4) = -30 kN·m 4.
8. MD = MC + Area in shear diagram MD = -30 +
30(1) = 0
MOVING LOADS
• Beams and girders such as in a bridge or an
overhead crane are subject to moving
concentrated loads, which are at fixed distance
with each other. The problem here is to
determine the moment under each load when
each load is in a position to cause a maximum
moment. The largest value of these moments
governs the design of the beam.
SINGLE MOVING LOAD
• For a single moving load, the maximum
moment occurs when the load is at the
midspan, and the maximum shear occurs when
the load is very near the support (usually
assumed to lie over the support).
TWO MOVING LOADS
•For two moving loads, the maximum shear
occurs at the reaction when the larger load is
over that support. The maximum moment is
given by
where Ps is the smaller load, Pb is the bigger load, and P is the
total load (P = Ps + Pb).
THREE OR MORE MOVING LOADS
• In general, the bending moment under a
particular load is a maximum when the center
of the beam is midway between that load and
the resultant of all the loads then on the span.
With this rule, we compute the maximum
moment under each load, and use the biggest
of the moments for the design. Usually, the
biggest of these moments occurs under the
biggest load.
THREE OR MORE MOVING LOADS
• The maximum shear occurs at the reaction
where the resultant load is nearest. Usually, it
happens if the biggest load is over that support
and as many a possible of the remaining loads
are still on the span.
• In determining the largest moment and shear, it
is sometimes necessary to check the condition
when the bigger loads are on the span and the
rest of the smaller loads are outside.
SUMMARY
• Shear and bending moment diagrams are
analytical tools used in conjunction with
structural analysis to help perform
structural design by determining the value
of shear force and bending moment at a
given point of a structural element such as
a beam. These diagrams can be used to
easily determine the type, size, and
material of a member in a structure so that
a given set of loads can be supported
without structural failure.
