STRUCTURA
L HEALTH
MONITORIN
G
Presented by:
Diya Lizbeth Jose
B191042CE
A Batch
1
Table Of Contents
Introduction
01
Infrared Thermography
02
SHM by using IoT
03
2
Table Of Contents
Advantages and
04 Limitations of SHM
SHM in India
05
Conclusion
06
3
01
Introduction
4
What is the need for SHM?
❏ The structural performance of civil engineering infrastructure declines over time due to both immediate and
short-term causes as well as long-term consequences.
❏ Health of civil structures are very important as the lives of many are dependent on it. Sudden failure of
infrastructure can lead to catastrophic accidents and loss of services and access.
❏ For a country's economy to thrive, monitoring and evaluating the state of its civil engineering infrastructure is
essential.
❏ By identifying damage spots in the early phases of service life with real-time SHM techniques of civil
infrastructure, service life can be extended.
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Steps of Structural health Monitoring
What is SHM?
Determination of damage
existence
Structural health monitoring (SHM) involves the
observation and analysis of a system over time using Determination of damage’s
geometric location
periodically sampled response measurements to
monitor changes to the material and geometric
properties of engineering structures such as bridges and
Quantification of damage severity
buildings.
Prediction of remaining life of
structure
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02 SHM using
Infrared
Thermography
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Applications of Infrared Thermography for Non-destructive
Characterization of Concrete Structures
❏ Usage of reinforced concrete structures has very long tradition in infrastructure industry due to their low cost, high
strength, sustainability along with the easy availability of raw materials.
❏ There have been a large number of investigations on the problems of deterioration of concrete and the consequent
corrosion of rebar.
❏ It is essential to monitor the state of structures right from the construction stage by carrying out periodic inspections and
thus maintaining record of the results.
❏ Non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) is defined as the application of an inspection method to assess the
integrity of the object without impairing its future usefulness.
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Infrared Thermography (IRT)
❏ Infrared thermography is based on the fact that all objects above 0 K temperature, emits infrared energy as a function of their
temperature.
❏ Infrared radiation corresponds to the band of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies in between 0.74 and 1000 μm wavelength
region.
❏ Wien’s law states that hotter objects emit most of their radiation at shorter wavelengths whereas colder objects emit at longer
wavelengths.
Wien’s law 9
❏ IRT can be defined as a technique which detects the infrared radiation emanating by an object, converts it into
temperature and displays into an image named as thermogram.
❏ IRT for SHM applications involves mapping of the temperature over the structure/specimen for characterizing
its surface and sub-surface structural defects.
❏ The surface of the test specimen is illuminated using heat sources and infrared camera is used to map the
resultant temperature profile over the specimen.
❏ Further, the recorded temperature distribution is processed and analyzed to produce thermal image
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Active IRT Techniques for the evaluation of concrete structures
● Active IRT (AIRT) has been developed as a non-destructive testing technique to detect surface and sub-surface defects
by monitoring the emitted thermal radiations over the test object in response to a predefined applied excitation.
● Based on the employed excitation scheme, AIRT can be classified as pulsed and modulated thermographic methods.
● In Pulse thermography, the test specimen is excited using a short duration high peak power pulse and the corresponding
temporal temperature distribution is monitored. The main advantage of the PT approach is its fast implementation.
● The obtained thermal data is not only influenced by the subsurface defects inside the test structure but also affected by
the emissivity as well as non-uniform illumination variations over it. These artifacts may lead in bringing difficulties in
interpretation of test results.
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Schematic of infrared imaging system used for experimentation
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03
SHM using internet
of things
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Internet of Things (IoT)
❏ IoT technologies provide a mechanism for transferring real-time data to cloud platforms so that collected data can be
accessed remotely, improves connectivity between devices, and retrieve parameters of interest.
❏ IoT technology aims to inspect structures using SHM data acquired online.
❏ IoT-based monitoring sensors exhibit high potential for SHM application in civil engineering.
❏ They are supported by artificial intelligence technologies and their use does not require human intervention.
❏ The data collected from IoT sensors are used for predicting various structural health indicators that affect the life-long
integrity of civil engineering infrastructure.
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IoT architecture for SHM
IoT systems have a robust architecture to serve their intended purposes. Furthermore, the quality of the developed infrastructure
governs the applicability of IoT systems. Various types of IoT systems used for different engineering applications are based on
similar frame-works and data flows. An IoT-based SHM system mainly consists of five layers. They are as follows:
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IoT in Concrete Technology
01 02 03
Concrete Mix Curing Corrosion
IoT-based sensors are used A concrete curing Detect the corrosion of rebars by
to detect the temperature monitoring system based on monitoring factors that control
inside the concrete mix. a small embedded wireless the Cl− ion concentration and pH
sensor installed inside a values inside concrete.
concrete structure
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IoT in cultural heritage preservation
❏ Many historic buildings that flourished in the past are at risk because of the damage accumulated in them. This damage
is caused by various hazards, such as earthquakes, owing to the high vulnerability of these buildings.
❏ A number of studies have used Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor environmental and structural deterioration in heritage
buildings.
❏ Low-cost sensors were used to obtain temperature, humidity and CO2 readings inside a church in Portugal and an
ancient monument in Bulgaria.
❏ Virtual reality technology was used to enable 3D reconstructions of historical buildings in the MOSCARDO project.
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04
Advantages
Advantages of SHM are are
detailed in this chapter
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Advantages
Detection of early
Increased safety Cost efficiency
risk
Inspection and
Structure is put to Reduces investment on
repair time can be
optimum use maintenance labour
reduced
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05
Limitations and
Challenges
Limitations and challenges of
SHM are are detailed in this
chapter
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Limitations
● High installation costs
● Seismic hazards are a concern.
● Challenges with the implementation of SHM, such
as accessibility issues in buildings etc.
● Large constructions require the installation of
several sensing sites due to their size and
complexity.
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Challenges
● Development of the technology that is appropriate for a particular application
is a challenge.
● Accuracy and cost effectiveness
● Sensors to adapt to their working environment as well as their effective fit to
sensor networks.
● The actual process of detecting damage is connected to the site of the harm,
its source, its scalability, potential growth, and its effects.
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06
SHM in India
Structural health monitoring in
India and some examples are
detailed in this chapter
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Introduction
● India is rich in architectural wonders, both ancient and modern.
● From the Taj Mahal to the World One, India has seen consistent
growth in the construction industry.
● Thousands of new buildings, tunnels, bridges, expressways, and
other challenging and complex structures are being built every
day to meet the growing needs of individuals.
● The failure of structures results in the deaths of thousands of
people.
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Need for SHM in India
● A total of 13,178 individuals died in accidents States Death in
Numbers
involving falling structures, including buildings,
flyovers, and other objects between 2010 and 2014. Uttar Pradesh 2065
● Seven incident of structures collapse happen every Maharashtra 1343
day. Andhra Pradesh 1330
● 75% of earthquake fatalities are caused by structural
Madhya Pradesh 1176
collapse.
Tamil Nadu 1154
● India is a developing country, hence it is crucial that
Gujarat 1067
it is educated and aware of its infrastructure.
Table 1: Deaths corresponding to different states
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Structural collapses in India (2010 - 2014)
● The information about structural collapse is
divided into five groups: residential
buildings, commercial buildings, bridges,
dams, and others.
● The collapse of different structures are
shown in the piechart:
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Application of SHM in India
Bhand Deval Temple
● It is located in Chhattisgarh's Arang tahsil, Raipur district. It is a
historic temple that was constructed in the ninth century AD
during the reign of the Haihaya dynasty.
● Rapid visual screening, a monitoring technique based on seismic
intensity, building type, and damageability grade, is used in this
temple.
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Naini Bridge
❏ The Naini Bridge spans the Yamuna River just upstream of the junction with the Ganges River as
part of the Allahabad Bypass.
❏ The National Highway Agency of India (NHAI) owns the bridge, which was designed by COWI A/S
and built by a joint venture between Hundai and Hindustan Construction Company.
❏ The traffic loads, pylon settlement measurements, and movement of the pylons for design
verification of creep assumptions for the bridge were defined as the most important metrics to
monitor.
❏ The SHMS was created to be controlled remotely from a local control center around 750 meter away
from the site.
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Signature bridge
Description:
It is a cable stayed bridge built in Wazirabad,
Delhi. This bridge will feature a main span of
251 meters and a total span of 675 meters.
SHM techniques designed to achieve 3
goals:
❏ Monitoring structural health and damage
detection
❏ Weather loading monitoring
❏ Monitoring earthquakes
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Conclusion
❏ It is impossible to stop structures from ageing; it is a natural process.
❏ Finding flaws and damage in a structure can be done quite effectively by analyzing it.
❏ Traditional techniques of regular inspection are becoming antiquated and obsolete over time since
they are both time-consuming and ineffective.
❏ Just like a doctor treats a patient and continuously monitors his/her vitals, SHM enables us to
monitor and analyze the behavior, strength and durability of the structure and it is the need of the
hour for ensuring safety of the people residing in the structure.
❏ In spite of advantages, SHM do possesses challenges which will be overcome in the near future.
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References
● Chandrashekaran, Srinivasan, 2019, Structural Health Monitoring with Application to Offshore Structures, World Scientific,
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
● Mayank Mishra, Paulo B. Lourenço, G.V. Ramana, 2022, Structural health monitoring of civil engineering structures by
using the internet of things: A review, Journal of Building Engineering, Volume 48.
● Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra., New Developments in Sensing Technology for Structural Health Monitoring, Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg M. H. Hassan (Ed.), 2019, Advances in Structural Health Monitoring, London, United Kingdom,
IntechOpen [Online]
● C. Scuro, F. Lamonaca, S. Porzio, G. Milani, R.S. Olivito, 2021, Internet of Things (IoT) for masonry structural health
monitoring (SHM): Overview and examples of innovative systems, Construction and Building Materials, Volume 290, Milan,
Italy
● Rui Min, Zhengyong Liu, Luis Pereira, Chenkun Yang, Qi Sui, Carlos Marques, 2021, Optical fiber sensing for marine
environment and marine structural health monitoring: A review, Optics & Laser Technology, Volume 140, China.
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