WCDMA Principles
Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area
Internal Use
Mobile Network Evolution
2.75G Enhanced Data
1G Analogue
2G Digital
2.5G Packet Data
WCDMA
GSM NMT TACS AMPS CDMA
1982-1996+
3
EDGE GPRS
384K
2M, 14M
TDMA
115K
TD-SCDMA
2M
PDC cdma2000 1X EV-DO
2.4M
CDMA 1X 144K
1992-2002+
2001+
2004+
2002-2004+
Internal Use
Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000
IMT2000
3GPP 3GPP2 CWTS ETSI
1985: ITU-T form FPLMTS. Later renamed as IMT-2000 in 1996 1992: 230MHz spectrum was allocated in WARC92 Standardization organizations such as 3GPP(1998.12), 3GPP2(1999) were established 2000: All the network standards of IMT2000 were completed Family concept adopted in network part was
ITU-DS
ITU-SC
ITU-MC
ITU-TC UMTS TDD
ITU-FT DECT
WCDMA UWC-136 CDMA2000
Internal Use
Main CDMA 3G Proposals
Regional StandardRadio Transmission Organization(RSO) Technology(RTT)
U.S.
TIA(TR 45.5) T1
cdma2000 WCDMA TTA1(~WCDMA) TTA2(~cdma2000)
Korea
TTA
Japan Europe China
ARIB ETSI(SMG 2) CWTS
WCDMA WCDMA TD-SCDMA
Internal Use
Target of IMT2000
Global uniform frequency band and standard, global seamless coverage High efficient spectrum utility High quality of service, high security Easy for evolution from 2G system Providing multimedia service Car speed environment: 144kbps Walk speed environment: 384kbps Indoor environment: 2048kbps
Internal Use
QoS Requirements of Different Services
Sensitivity of error
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Sensitivity of delay
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Internal Use
WCDMA FDD
WCDMA FDD
Multiple access method Duplex Method Frequency Band Base Station Synchronization Chip Rate Frame Length Service multiplexing Multi-user detection, smart antennas Power Control Handover Transmit Diversity Voice Coding DS-CDMA Frequency Division Uplink : 1920-1980MHz, Downlink : 2110-2170MHz Asynchronous/Synchronous operation 3.84Mcps 10ms Multiple Services with different multiplexed on a single connection QoS are
Supported by standard, optional in implementation Fast Power Control, 1.5KHz Softer, Soft & Hard Handover Open & Closed Loop AMR Voice Coding, rate 4.75kb 12.2kbps
Internal Use
WCDMA Voice Evolution
Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of 4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to improve system capacity Provide high fidelity voice mode Fast power control
Internal Use
Data Service Evolution of WCDMA
Support maximum 2Mbps data service Support packet switch Adopt ATM platform currently Provide QoS Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better Share
Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric data service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV
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Internal Use
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area
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Internal Use
WCDMA Network Structure
CS domain
GSM /GPRS BSS BSC BTS PCU A HLR/AUC MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN/other PLMN
Gb
SCE SS7 SMS SCP
PS backbone
RNC NodeB
Iu-CS Iu-PS SGSN
Internet, Intranet GGSN
UTRAN
CG
PS domain
BG Other PLMN
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Internal Use
WCDMA Interfaces
MSC
A Interface
SGSN
Gb
MSC
Iu-CS
SGSN
Iu-PS Iur Iub
BSC BSS
A-bis
RNC UTRAN
Iub
RNC
BTS
Um Uu
NodeB
Uu
NodeB
UE
UE
UE
GSM
WCDMA
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Internal Use
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area
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Internal Use
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Section 1 - Correlation Function
-
OVSF and PN code Information Spreading & Recovery Rake Receiver
Section 2 - WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram Section 3 - Power Control - Handover - Diversity
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Internal Use
Correlation Function
Correlation is a measure of similarity between any two arbitrary signals. EXAMPLE:
+1 0 -1 +1 0 -1
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
1 correlation Identical signals
+1 0 -1 +1 0 -1
-1 1 -1 1
11 11 -1 1 -1 1
Zero correlation Orthogonal signals
Internal Use
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Orthogonal Function
Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences are orthogonal if their XOR output contains equal number of 1s and 0s
EXAMPLE:
0000 0101 0101
17
1010 0101 1111
Internal Use
OVSF & Walsh Code
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
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Internal Use
SF and Service Rate
Symbol Rate*SF=Chip Rate In WCDMA system, if rate=960Kbps;
chip
rate=3.84MHz,
SF=4,
then
symbol
Symbol Rate=(Service Rate + Checking Code)*Channel Coding Rate* Repeat or Puncture Rate In WCDMA system, if service rate=384Kbps, channel coding=1/3 Turbo coding, then symbol rate=960Kbps;
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Internal Use
Scrambling Code
Scrambling codes GOLD sequence. Uplink scrambling codes Uplink scrambling codes are used to distinguish different UEs Downlink scrambling codes For downlink physical channels, a total of 218 -1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used. 8192 codes are divided into 512 groups, each of which contains 16 scrambling codes. The first scrambling code of each group is called primary scrambling code (PSC), and the other 15 ones are secondary scrambling codes (SSC).
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Internal Use
OVSF and PN Code Usage
OVSF Code Usage PN Code
Uplink : Separate physicalUplink : Separation of UEs data (DPDCH) & control channels (DPCCH) from the same terminal Downlink : Separate downlink connections toDownlink : Separation of different UEs within the cell cells Uplink : 4 256 chips Downlink : 4 512 chips Uplink/Downlink : 10ms = 38400 chips
Length Number of codes
Number of codes under oneUplink : Several Million scrambling factor = spreadingDownlink : 512 factor Orthogonal VariableGold code Spreading Factor (OVSF) Spreading increaseNo change in transmission transmission bandwidth bandwidth
Code Family Bandwidth
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Internal Use
Information spreading over orthogonal codes
+1 -1 User Input Orthogonal Sequence Tx Data +1 -1 1 0 0 1 1
0110 1001
0110 0110
0110 0110
0110 1001
0110 1001
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Internal Use
Information recovery
1001 Correct Function 0110 1111
+1 -1 1
Rx Data
0110 0110 0000
0
0110 0110 0000
0
1001 0110 1111
1
1001 0110 1111
1
Rx Data Incorrect Function
1001 0101 1100
?
0110 0101 0011
?
0110 0101 0011
?
1001 0101 1100
?
1001 0101 1100
?
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Internal Use
Spreading and De-spreading
The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain information is spread. S f information f0 f The spectrum before spreading S f information f0 f The spectrum before despreading information f0 S f information
f0 f The spectrum after spreading
S f Interference/noise
information Interference/noise f
The spectrum after despreading White noise
pulse interference
S(f) is the energy density.
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Internal Use
Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Calculate the time delay and signal strength
Combiner
The combined signal
Searcher correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
Internal Use
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Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Section 1 - Correlation Function
-
OVSF and PN code Information Spreading & Recovery Rake Receiver
Section 2 - WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram Section 3 - Power Control - Handover - Diversity
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Internal Use
Block Diagram of WCDMA System
Source coding
Channel coding
Spreading
Modulation
Radio channel
Source decoding
Channel decoding
Despreading
Demodulation
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Internal Use
Common Technical Terms
Bit, Symbol, Chip: A bit is the input data which contain information A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block interleaving A chip is the output of spreading Processing Gain: Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate. Closely related to spreading factor, SF. Forward direction/ Downlink : Information path from base station to mobile station Reverse direction/ Uplink : Information path from mobile station to base station
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Internal Use
WCDMA System
Source Coding Voice :
Adaptive multirate technique with rate 4.75kbps 12.2kbps
Channel Coding CRC Attachment. Check for error during transmission. Voice : CRC check returns error, discard information Data : CRC check returns error; ask for retransmission
Convolutional or Turbo Coding Convolution coding for voice and low speed signaling Turbo Coding for large data transmission. Better performance than convolutional coding Interleaving Distribute error over data transmitted Rate Matching Match symbol rate to that accepted by spreading Rate matching technique : Repeat or puncturing
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Internal Use
WCDMA System
Spreading Spreading (OVSF code) SF 4 512, depends on data rate
Scrambling (Gold Code)
Modulation QPSK
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Internal Use
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Section 1 - Correlation Function
-
OVSF and PN code Information Spreading & Recovery Rake Receiver
Section 2 - WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram Section 3 - Power Control - Handover - Diversity
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Internal Use
Power Control
Open Loop Power Control
Set initial power for transmission of PRACH
Closed Loop Power Control
Inner Loop Power Control
Uplink : Controls power of NodeB. Downlink : Ensures all power received at NodeB are just enough to maintain satisfactory connection Fast Power Control : 1.5khz
Outer Loop Power Control
Set SIRthreshold
based on BER/BLER
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Internal Use
Open Loop Power Control
Controlled by UE. Determine UE initial transmission power for random access procedure. Not in use when inner loop power control running. UE obtain information from network on: CPICH power Uplink interference level Constant value (Default = 2dB)
UE Initial Power = CPICH power CPICH_RSCP + UL interference + Constant
PRACH Tx power
System information : CPICH power, UL interference & constant
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Internal Use
Inner Closed Loop Power Control
Power Control Bit
SIR threshold Located in UE & NodeB Controls power of dedicated physical channels Power controls occurs at 1500Hz, thus known as fast power control NodeB and UE continuously measure and compare SIRmasured with SIRthreshold value, and inform each e other to increase /reduce its power accordingly.
(SIR)masured e
UE3
NodeB
UE1
UE2
Without Power Control
With Optimum Power Control
UE2
UE4
dev ec e R i
UE3 UE1 UE4
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
dev ec e R i
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Internal Use
Outer Closed Loop Power Control
Adjust SIR for every user
Needed to keep track of changes in radio environment Aims to provide required quality If SIRthreshold
reaches its maximum, system has to perform - inter-frequency/inter-system handover - RRC connection release
SIR threshold
RNC BER/BLER Value
Change in (SIR)threshold
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Internal Use
Handover
Softer handover
Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the same BTS - Radio link connection to new target cell is created before existing connection being deleted.
-
Soft handover
-
Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the different BTSs
Hard handover
-
Condition of hard handover:
Intra-frequency handover, cells controlled by different RNCs and no Iur interface between them Inter-frequency handover Inter-system handover
Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user communication
Internal Use
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Soft/Softer Handover
Selection combination in the RNC during soft handoff Maximum ratio combination in the NodeB during softer handoffs
Power received from a single sector
Combine all the power from each sector
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Internal Use
Transmission Diversity : STTD
B0 B1 B2 B3
Pa th
B0 B1 B2 B3
Transmission diversity processing
Antenna 1
Restoring data stream
B0 B1 B2 B3
2 Path
B2 B3 B0 B1
Antenna 2
Space Time transmit Diversity (STTD)
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Internal Use
Transmission Diversity : TSTD
Data stream 1 Data stream Transmission diversity processing
Pa th
Antenna 1
Restoring data stream
2 Path
Data stream 2
Antenna 2
Time Switch transmit Diversity (TSTD) Used in synchronization physical channel ( SCH)
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Internal Use
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Internal Use
