LOGIC AND
REASONING
LOGIC
Logic is the formal
mathematical study of the
methods, structure, and
validity of mathematical
deduction and proof.
REASONING
involves drawing
logical conclusions
based on evidence or
stated assumptions.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
Called as “if-then” statements.
PARTS:
1. “IF” which is the hypothesis
denoted by p (prediction)
2. “THEN” which is the
conclusion denoted by q
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
It is in the form of “if p then
q” which is written in
symbols as p→q and
could be read as “p implies
q”
EXAMPLES of “If-then” statements
1. If you drink eight glasses of water daily,
then you will get healthy.
Hypothesis (p): you drink eight glasses of
water daily
Conclusion (q): you will get healthy
*Note that the words if and then are not
included in the hypothesis and conclusions.
EXAMPLES of “If-then” statements
2. If today is Tuesday, then tomorrow is
Wednesday.
3. If you are a hardworking student, then
you will get good grades.
4. If an angle is right, then its measure is
exactly 90°.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
are not always in the if-then form.
Example:
Help save Mother Earth by doing 3Rs –
Reuse, Reduce, Recycle.
Hypothesis: by doing Rs
Conclusion: You will help save Mother
Earth.
REWRITE THE FOLLOWING TO “if-then”
FORM
1. Sixteen years old are eligible to
drive.
2. Jogging every other day makes
your immune system stronger.
3. The quotient of two whole
numbers is a rational number.
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
PROVE that the conditional statement below is
false. State its “if-then” form.
All quadrilaterals that have
right angles are squares.
Solutions
If a quadrilateral has right angles, then it is a
square.
They hypothesis is true: Quadrilateral DEFG
has right angles
The conclusion is false: Quadrilateral DEFG
is not a square but a rectangle
Therefore, the conditional statement is false.
CONVERSE AND
BICONDITIONA
L STATEMENTS
CONVERSE
The converse of a
conditional statement is
formed when the
hypothesis and
conclusion are
interchanged.
CONVERSE
It is in the form “if q, then p”
and could be written in
symbols as q→p.
It is read as “q implies p”.
EXAMPLE #1
Conditional (If p then q): If you are a
native Ibaloi, then you are born in
Benguet.
Hypothesis: You are a native Ibaloi.
Conclusion: You are born in Benguet.
Conditional (If p then q):
If you are a native Ibaloi, then you are born in Benguet.
Converse (If q then p): If you are born
in Benguet, then you are a native
Ibaloi.
Hypothesis: You are born in Benguet.
Conclusion: You are a native Ibaloi.
EXAMPLE #2
Conditional (If p then q): If a function
is linear, then its graph is a straight
line.
Hypothesis: A function is linear
Conclusion: Its graph is a straight line
Conditional (If p then q):
If a function is linear, then its graph is a straight line.
Converse (If q then p): If the graph is
a straight line, then the function is
linear.
Hypothesis: The graph is a straight line
Conclusion: The function is linear
EXAMPLE #3
Conditional (If p then q): If today is
Wednesday, then tomorrow is
Thursday.
Hypothesis: Today is Wednesday
Conclusion: Tomorrow is Thursday
Conditional (If p then q):
If today is Wednesday, then tomorrow is Thursday.
Converse (If q then p): If tomorrow is
Thursday, then today is Wednesday.
Hypothesis: Tomorrow is Thursday
Conclusion: Today is Wednesday.
BICONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Whenever both the
conditional statements and its
converse are true.
BICONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
It is written in the form
“if and only if” or in
symbols p ↔ q.
EXAMPLE #1
An angle is right
if and only if
it measures 90°
EXAMPLE #1
Biconditional: An angle is right if and
only if it measures 90°.
Conditional: If an angle is right then
its measure is 90°.
Converse: If it measures 90° then it is
a right angle
EXAMPLE #2
It is a triangle
if and only if
it has three sides.
EXAMPLE #2
Biconditional: It is a triangle if and
only if it has three sides.
Conditional: If it is a triangle, then it
has three sides.
Converse: If it has three sides, then it
is a triangle.
EXAMPLE #3
Two angles have the
same measure if and only
if they are congruent.
EXAMPLE #3
Biconditional: Two angles are have the same
measure if and only if they are congruent.
Conditional: If two angles have the same
measure, then they are congruent.
Converse: If two angles are congruent, then
they have the same measure.
INVERSE AND
CONTRAPOSITIV
E STATEMENTS
INVERSE
The inverse of a conditional
statement is formed by negating both
the hypothesis and the conclusion.
In negating a statement, either put
the word “not” at the beginning of the
statement or show the opposite of
what was thought.
INVERSE
It is in the form “if not p, then
not q” and could be written
in symbols as ~p → ~q.
It is read as “not p implies not
q”.
EXAMPLE #1
Conditional: If an angle is right
then its measure is 90°.
Inverse: If an angle is not right
then its measure is not 90°.
EXAMPLE #2
Conditional: If it is a triangle,
then it has three sides.
Inverse: If it is not a triangle,
then it does not have three
sides.
EXAMPLE #3
Conditional: Iftoday is Wednesday,
then tomorrow is Thursday.
Inverse: If today is not
Wednesday, then tomorrow is
not Thursday.
CONTRAPOSITIVE
The contrapositive of a
conditional statement is
formed by negating both the
hypothesis and the conclusion
and interchanging their
positions.
CONTRAPOSITIVE
It is written in symbols as
~q → ~p.
It is read as “not q implies
not p”.
EXAMPLE #1
Conditional: If an angle is right,
then its measure is 90°.
Contrapositive: If an angle does
not measure 90°, then it is not a
right angle.
EXAMPLE #2
Conditional: If it is a triangle,
then it has three sides.
Contrapositive: If it does not have
three sides, then it is not a
triangle.
EXAMPLE #3
Conditional: If today is Wednesday,
then tomorrow is Thursday.
Contrapositive: If tomorrow is not
Thursday, then today is not
Wednesday.
