ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
SYSTEM (ECS)
AND
TUNNEL VENTILATION SYSTEM
(TVS)
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF UNDERGROUND STATION
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF UNDERGROUND STATION
Environment Control System
(ECS)
- Air Conditioning System
- Ventilation Supply and Exhaust
Systems
- Smoke Extraction System
Purpose of Station VAC
Heat is generated by Train and other equipment.
Today's state-of-art modern-rolling stock provided with air-conditioners dissipates
substantial heat inside the subway.
Resulting in the hot air in the tunnel and pulsating heat load on the platform along with the
train.
In an underground section, a Large number of Patrons are Confined in an Enclosed Space
Supply of fresh air to patrons for biological need
Removal of body heat, obnoxious and harmful gases
Design Parameters for ECS System
1. Design Criteria: Buildings standards not applicable since the heat generated
by trains is to be driven out
2. Patrons stay in station area for a short while
3. In summer the Amb. temp in Delhi touches 470 C
4. Ambient Conditions: (1% Criteria)
• Summer : 420 C (DB), 22.40C(WB)
• Monsoon : 320C (DB), 290C(WB)
5. Inside Conditions: 290 C, 65% RH
6. Platform – 27oC, 55% RH
7. Concourse – 28oC, 60% RH
8. BOH Rooms - 24oC,± 2 oC55% RH
9. In other than Summer period only ventilation intake & Exhaust system
work
Different Type of Systems
Open Mode Operation
Closed Mode Operation
Emergency/Smoke Mode System
Open Mode
Required during the time when Ambient conditions are
comfortable.
Requires the station air conditioning system to use 100% outside
air.
All Shaft Dampers are wide open for a free exchange of air
between the tunnels and the surface during the train running.
Open Mode Operation
Fresh or Cool Air
Hot Air
Damper Open
Damper Closed
Closed Mode
Required during the time when Ambient conditions is hot.
10 % Fresh Air
Balance return air by UPE & OTE system
Ventilation shaft dampers are closed and tunnel air is re-
circulated to the station air conditioning system.
Close Mode Operation
10 % Fresh Air
Fresh or Cool Air
Hot Air
Damper Open
Damper Closed
Emergency/Smoke Mode System
To prevent back-layering of smoke layer and discharge the
smoke to exhaust without passing through occupied areas.
To provide a safe and non-contaminated path for the evacuating
passengers and the fire personnel.
To avoid propagation of smoke into other non-affected areas by
providing fire rated ducts and dampers
Air Conditioning System
ECS System Components
Chillers
Air Handling Units
Chilled and Condenser Water pumps
Cooling Towers
Trackway Exhaust Fans
Fresh Air Fans
Ventilation Supply/Exhaust Fans
Smoke Extract Fans
Staircase Pressurization Fans
DETERMINATION OF CHILLER
CAPACITY
Maximum platform cooling load = Unsteady Platform Heat Load +
Lighting Load + Misc Equip. Load + Passenger Heat Load + Fresh Air
Load + Heat Load Due to Train Condenser Unit and Tunnel Heat
Maximum concourse cooling load = Unsteady Concourse Heat Load +
Lighting Load + Misc Equip. Load + Passenger Heat Load + Fresh Air
Load
Back of House Cooling Load =Lighting Load + Misc Equip.
Load + Occupant Heat Load + Fresh Air Load
Allowance for pumping and conduction = 5% of Total cooling load
Heat Load Composition of a typical station
(SACHIVALAYA)
S.No. Item Description Heat Load (kW) % of Total heat Load
Unsteady Heat Load at
1 441 10.8%
Concourse
Unsteady Heat Load at
2 1505 37%
Platform
Lighting and Misc.
3 144 3.52%
Equipment Load
4 Passenger Heat Load 16 0.4%
5 Back of House Area 124 3%
6 Moisture and Fresh Air 1654 40.6%
Pumping and conduction
7 189 4.6%
losses @ 5%
Grand Total 4073 100.00%
Tonnage Required = =1160 TR
Chiller Selected = 400 TR x 3 Nos.
Cooling Tower Capacity
Cooling Tower Capacity = Chiller Cooling Load + Power consumption by
Chiller + Pump Allowances
CHWP and CWP Flow rate
Based on Chiller Load the Pump flow is selected accordingly.
Based on Cooling Tower capacity the Pump flow for the condenser water pumps are selected .
Cooling Tower Capacity
Calculation
S.No. Item Description Heat Load (kW) Remark
1 Chiller Load 4073
COP= Cooling Capacity
(kW)/Compressor input (kW)
Chiller Coefficient Of
2 5.7
Performance (COP)
3 Compressor input (kW) 714
4 Total 4787
5 5% allowance 239
Total Heat rejection
6 5040
capacity required
Cooling Tower Selected = 1675 kW x 3 Nos.
Chilled Water Pumps Calculation
S.No. Item Description Value Unit Remark
1 Chiller Load 4073 kW
2 Chilled Water inlet temp. 15 deg. C
Chilled Water outlet
3 8 deg. C
temp.
4 Specific heat of water 4.2 kJ/kg oC
Pumping Capacity
5 139 liter/s
required Q=mCp (Tin-Tout)
Pressure head (Primary
6 12 meter
pump)
Pressure drop
calculations as per
Pressure head ASHRAE
7 30 meter Fundamental Hand
(Secondary pump)
Book based on the
actual piping layout.
Primary pumps selected = 47.6 lps @ 117.6 kPa x 4 Nos (3W +1Stand by)
Secondary pumps selected = 71.4 lps @ 29.4 kPA x 3 Nos (2W +1Stand by)
Condenser Water Pumps
Calculation
S.No. Item Description Value Unit Remark
1 Cooling Tower Load 5040 kW
2 Cooling Tower Water inlet temp. 36 deg. C
3 Cooling Tower Water outlet temp. 32 deg. C
4 Specific heat of water 4.2 kJ/kg oC
5 Pumping Capacity required 290.4 liter/s
Q=mCp (Tin-Tout)
Pressure drop
calculations as per
6 Pressure head 26 meter ASHRAE
Fundamental Hand
Book based on the
actual piping layout.
Condenser pumps selected = 98.3 lps @ 254.8 kPa x 4 Nos (3W +1Stand by)
Ventilation Fan Sizing
FLOW REQUIREMENT BASED ON THE AIR
CHANGES REQUIREMENT OF VARIOUS ROOMS
– AS PER PRACTICES/STANDARDS.
PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS AS PER
ASHRAE FUNDAMENTAL HAND BOOK BASED
ON THE ACTUAL DUCTING DETAILS.
Tunnel Ventilation System
Provide required ventilation for different operations
inside tunnel include:-
Normal operating conditions
• To provide relief from piston effect.
Congested operation
• To provide air flow inside tunnel to control temp. rise.
Emergency scenario of fire
• To extract smoke from tunnel and provide safe
evacuation path for the passengers
• To Provide safe path for the fire fighters
During Non-Revenue period
• To provide ventilation inside tunnel for maintenance staff
TVS System components
Tunnel Ventilation Fans
Tunnel Booster Fans
Trackway Exhaust Fans
Attenuators
Tunnel Ventilation Dampers
Nozzles
Air Compressor
TVS Schematic for Platform level
TVS Schematic for Concourse level
TVS Schematic for Concourse level –
Section View
TVS Operating Scenarios
Normal Conditions
Trains running as per schedule
TV Fans not operating
TV Dampers open or closed as per Climate conditions
Trackway Exhaust Fans as per station ECS mode
Normal Mode
TVS Operating Scenarios
Congested Conditions – Occurrence
• Train stopped at platform or in a tunnel section for more
than a stipulated time
Congested Conditions – Consequence
Following trains would stop in tunnel (bunching), resulting increase
in crown temperature.
Train AC Compressors may start off-loading causing passenger
discomfort
TVS Operating Scenarios
Congested Conditions – Results
Train AC Condenser inlet temperature to be
maintained below 50ºC.
Station AC to continue functioning normally
Congested Mode Operation
Fresh or Cool Air
Hot Air
Hot Smoke
TVS Operating Scenarios
Emergency Conditions - Occurrence
Train under fire or derailment.
Report from Train Driver/Passengers
Emergency Conditions - Consequence
Passengers may expose to smoky environment
TVS Operating Scenarios
Emergency Conditions - Response
Train shall move to station for evacuation, if
possible. TVS to function as per appropriate
mode.
If train cannot move, evacuation inside tunnel
is required. TVS to function as per appropriate
mode.
Emergency Mode Operation
Fresh Outside Air
Hot Smoke
Associated Electrical Works
LT Motor Control Center (MCC) panels
LT Power supply cables and Electrical hard wire
Control cables
Earthing of Equipment
LT Motor control center (MCC)
panels
Types of incoming power supplies for ECS/TVS system
Dual supply with ATS
Dual supply + DG with interlocking
Single supply + DG with ATS
Single supply
LT Motor control center (MCC)
panels
Starting Method for motors:
Direct online( motor load < 3.7kW)
Star Delta staring( motor load > 3.7kW)
Soft starting
Soft starter-Large motor without speed
control e.g. TVF, Water Chiller, Air-cooled chiller
VFD -Large motor with speed control
requirement e.g Fresh Air fan, Secondary pump
LT Motor control center (MCC)
panels
Starter feeder component selection:
System requirement like constant speed/speed control
etc.
Type 2 coordination
Discrimination study
LT power and control selection
1. Ampacity selection based on rated current
2. Voltage drop calculation (within limits per BS-7479)
3. SC calculation (within limits by cable Manufacturer)
4. Earth Fault calculation (Touch voltage within limits)
5. Cable type selection – LZSH/ FS LSZH
6. Starting method – Two runs for Star-Delta starting.
7. Load classification- Normal/Fire Survival.
Control Strategy For TVS
Equipment
1. Centrally at the OCC for entire section through SCADA
workstation.
2. Centrally at Station Control Room for each station
Through local BMS / SCADA workstation.
3. Centrally at Station Control Room for each station
Override provision through Ventilation Control panel (VCP)
4. Locally at each PLC location for each end of station through
Local Control Panel (LCP) of BMS.
Control Strategy For TVS
Equipment
1. Centrally at the OCC for entire section through SCADA
workstation.
2. Centrally at Station Control Room for each station
Through local BMS / SCADA workstation.
3. Centrally at Station Control Room for each station
Override provision through Ventilation Control panel (VCP)
4. Locally at each PLC location for each end of station through
Local Control Panel (LCP) of BMS.
