PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRONICS

V.K. MEHTA
ROHIT MEHTA
 INTRODUCTION
• ELECTRONICS
The branch of engineering which deals with
current conduction through a vaccum or gas or
semi-conductor is known as electronics.
(The word electronics derives its name from
electron present in all materials)
 FUNCTIONS OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES
i. Rectification
The conversion of a.c. into d.c. is called
rectification.

ELECTRONIC
DEVICE

ii. Amplification
The process of raising the strength of a weak
signal is known as amplification.
iii.) Generation
Electronic device can convert d.c. power into a.c. power of any frequency.When
performing this function,they are known as oscillators.

iv) Conversion of light into electricity

v) Conversion of electricity into light

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
The atoms are the building bricks of all matter. An atom consists of a central nucleus of
positive charge around which small negatively charged particles, called electrons revolve in
different paths or orbits.

Structure of Elements
The difference between various types of elements is due to the different number and
arrangement of these particles within their atoms. For example, the structure of copper atom is
different from that of carbon atom and hence the two elements have different properties.
Structure of copper(Cu)
Atomic number = 29

Q.1.)Draw Atomic Structure of

(a)Na (c)C (e)Si
(b)Ca (d)S (f)Ge
The Electron
Since electronics deals with tiny particles called electrons, these small particles require
detailed study. An electron is a negatively charged particle having negligible mass. Some of the
important properties of an electron are :
(i) Charge on an electron, e = 1.602 × 10−19 coulomb
(ii) Mass of an electron, m = 9.0 × 10−31 kg
(iii) Radius of an electron, r = 1.9 × 10−15 metre
The ratio e/m of an electron is 1.77 × 1011 coulombs/kg. This means that mass of an
electron is very small as compared to its charge. It is due to this property of an electron that it is
very mobile and is greatly influenced by electric or magnetic fields

Energy of an Electron
The energy of an electron increases as its distance from the nucleus increases. Thus, an electron
in the second orbit possesses more energy than the electron in the first orbit.It is clear that
electrons in the last orbit possess very high energy as compared to the electrons in the inner
orbits.
Valence Electron
The electrons in the outermost orbit of an atom are known as valence electrons. These
electrons determine whether or not the material is chemically active; metal or non-metal or, a
gas or solid. These electrons also determine the electrical properties of a material. On the basis
of electrical conductivity, materials are generally classified into conductors, insulators and semi-
conductors. As a rough rule, one can determine the electrical behaviour of a material from the
number of valence electrons as under :
(i) When the number of valence electrons of an atom is less than 4, the material is usually a
metal and a conductor. Examples are sodium, magnesium and aluminium which have 1, 2 and 3
valence electrons respectively.

SODIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM

ii) When the number of valence electrons of an atom is more than 4, the material is usually a
non-metal and an insulator. Examples are nitrogen, sulphur and neon which have 5, 6 and 8
valence electrons respectively.

NITROGEN SULPHUR NEON

iii) When the number of valence electrons of an atom is 4.The material has both metal and non-
metal properties and is usually a semiconductor. Examples are carbon, silicon and germanium.

carbon
Free Electrons
The valence electrons of different materials possess different energies. The greater
the energy of a valence electron, the lesser it is bound to the nucleus. In certain
substances, particularly metals, the valence electrons possess so much energy that
they are very loosely attached to the nucleus. These loosely attached valence electrons
move at random within the material and are called free electrons.
The valence electrons which are very loosely attached to the nucleus are known as
free electrons.
The free electrons can be easily removed or detached by applying a small amount
of external energy. As a matter of fact, these are the free electrons which determine
the electrical conductivity of a material. On this basis, conductors, insulators and
semiconductors can be defined as under :
(i) A conductor is a substance which has a large number of free electrons. When
potential difference is applied across a conductor, the free electrons move towards the
positive terminal of supply, constituting electric current.
(ii) An insulator is a substance which has practically no free electrons at ordinary
temperature. Therefore, an insulator does not conduct current under the influence of
potential difference.
(iii) A semiconductor is a substance which has very few free electrons at room
temperature. Consequently, under the influence of potential difference, a
semiconductor practically conducts no current
1. The outermost orbit of an atom can have a maximum of .............. electrons.
(i)8 (ii) 6 (iii)4 (iv) 32.
2. When the outermost orbit of an atom has less than 4 electrons, the material is generally
a ..............
(i) non-metal (ii) metal (iii) semiconductor (iv) none of above
3. The valence electrons have ..............
(i) very small energy (ii) least energy (iii) maximum energy (iv) none of the above
4. A large number of free electrons exist in ..............
(i) semiconductors (ii) metals (iii) insulators (iv) non-metals
5. When the outermost orbit of an atom has exactly 4 valence electrons, the material is
generally ..............
(i) a metal (ii) a non-metal (iii) a semiconductor (iv) an insulator

THANK YOU
MR. SHIVAM NATH,
B.E. in Instrumentation Engg.
Medical Electronics Dept.
Morigaon(1ST PPT)