BIOLOGY

3º ESO

IES “Pérez de Ayala”

OVD
The Circulatory System
Transportation system by which
oxygen and nutrients reach the
body's cells, and waste materials
are carried away.
Also carries substances called
hormones, which control body
processes, and antibodies to
fight invading germs.
 Parts of the Circulatory System

• Divided into three major parts:

»The Heart
»The Blood
»The Blood Vessels
 The heart, the lungs, and the
blood vessels work together to
form the circle part of the
circulatory system.
 Circulation

• Two parts (double circulation)

• H eart acts as double pump
• Blood from the right side pump is dark red
and low in oxygen (oxygen-poor)
 Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.

Lungs

the right side of the the left side of the

system system

deals with deals with

deoxygenated oxygenated
blood.
blood.
Body cells
www.biosbcc.net/doohan/ sample/htm/heart.htm
 How does this system work?

pulmonary vein lungs pulmonary artery

head & arms

aorta
main vein

Right Left

liver

digestive system

kidneys

legs
Circulatory System
 Circulation

• Travels through pulmonary arteries to

lungs where it gets fresh oxygen and
becomes bright red
• Blood from lungs through pulmonary veins
back to the heart's left side pump
• Pumped out into the body
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/circulatory.html
 3 Kinds of Circulation:

• Pulmonary circulation

• Systemic circulation

• Coronary circulation
 Pulmonary Circulation

Movement of blood from the heart, to the

lungs, and back to the heart again
sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/ pulmonary.html
 Coronary Circulation

Movement of blood through the tissues of

the heart
http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/index.html
 Systemic Circulation

Supplies nourishment to all of the tissue

located throughout the body , except for
the heart and lungs
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/systemic.html
Why love makes your heart beat faster?
 The Heart

• Size of your fist

• Thick muscular walls
• Divided into two pumps
• Each pump has two chambers
• Upper chamber - atrium receives blood
coming in from the veins
• Lower chamber - ventricle squeezes blood
out into the arteries
 The Heart

This is a vein. It brings These are arteries.

blood from the body, They carry blood away
except the lungs. from the heart.

2 atria
Coronary arteries,
the hearts own
2 ventricles blood supply

The heart has four chambers

 • Chamber walls composed of
myocardium (muscle)
contracts continuously and rhythmically to pump blood.
Human
Heart
The human heart pumps
6,000 to 8,000 litres of
blood around the body in
a single day which
means that the body’s
blood is circulated 1,000
times per day. All this
from a muscle that is
only as big as your fist!
 The Heart

Artery to Lungs Artery to Head and Body

Vein from Head and Body

Vein from Lungs

Right Atrium
Left Atrium

valve valve

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

Pumping action of the heart

Two stages for each heart beat

 Diastole when the heart is at rest

 Systole when the heart contracts to pump

deoxygenated blood toward the lungs and oxygenated
blood to the body.
 Heart Valves
•The tricuspid valve is between
Blood is pumped the right atrium and right ventricle.
through the
•The pulmonary valve is between
chambers, aided the right ventricle and the
by four heart pulmonary artery.
valves. The
•The mitral or bicuspid valve is
valves open and between the left atrium and left
close to let the ventricle.
blood flow in only
one direction •The aortic valve is between the
left ventricle and the aorta.
 Heart Valves

Images: heart, blood, vessels http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html

• During each heartbeat, typically
about 60 to 90 ml of blood are
pumped out of the heart.

• If the heart stops pumping,

death usually occurs within four
to five minutes.
 Heart Rates in Different Mammals
Although all mammals have circulatory systems similar to
humans, heart rates among species are not at all similar.
Generally speaking, the larger the animal, the slower its resting
heart rate.

Camels and bats represent the two extremes of the scale, with
most other mammals falling somewhere in between.
 What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood
against the walls of the arteries.

Blood pressure results from two forces.

One is created by the heart as it pumps blood
into the arteries and through the circulatory
system.
The other is the force of the arteries as they
resist the blood flow.
 What do blood pressure
numbers indicate?

The higher (systolic) number represents the

pressure while the heart contracts to pump blood
to the body. 

The lower (diastolic) number represents the

pressure when the heart relaxes between beats.
 Blood Pressure

The systolic pressure is always stated first.

For example: 118/76 (118 over 76);

systolic = 118, diastolic = 76.

Blood pressure below 120 / 80 mmHg

(millimeters of mercury) is considered
optimal for adults.
 Close up of heart valve
Heart sounds are made by the valves
as they open and close

Animation. Click here to see the valves working

http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=65&TopicID=773
 Normal heart operation
Physical atria

• Blood enters right

atrium
• Right atrium to right
ventricle
• Right ventricle to lungs
• Lungs to left atrium
• Left atrium to left
ventricle
• Left ventricle to aorta
and body
ventricles
 Normal heart operation
Electrical
atria

• Sinus node initiates

pulse – ring shaped
wave front
• Pulse traverses atria via
coupling
• Pulse passes to
ventricles via AV node
• Pulse traverses
ventricles
ventricles
 How does the Heart work?

STEP ONE

blood from the blood from

body the lungs

The heart beat begins when the

heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.
 How does the Heart work?

STEP TWO

The atria then contract and

the valves open to allow blood
into the ventricles.
 How does the Heart work?

STEP THREE

The valves close to stop blood

flowing backwards.

The ventricles contract forcing

the blood to leave the heart.

At the same time, the atria are

relaxing and once again filling with
blood.

The cycle then repeats itself.

 What makes the heart beat?

• The electric activity starts at the top of the heart and

spreads down.

• A normal heart beat is initiated by a small pulse of

electric current. This tiny electric "shock" spreads
rapidly in the heart and makes the heart muscle
contract.
• If the whole heart muscle contracted at the same time,
there would be no pumping effect. Therefore the
electric activity starts at the top of the heart and
spreads down, and then up again, causing the heart
muscle to contract in an optimal way for pumping
blood.
 Where does the electricity come from?

•       In the heart there are cells specialized in producing

electricity. These are called pacemaker cells. They
produce electricity by quickly changing their electrical
charge from positive to negative and back.

• The first electric wave in a heart beat is initiated at the

top of the heart. Because of the heart muscle cell's ability
to "spread" its electric charge to adjacent heart muscle
cells, this initial wave will be enough to start a chain
reaction.
 Electrical conduction
system of the heart

Click here to see animation

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/ECG_Principle_fast.gif
ECG
 ECG
ECG GAME
USING COMPUTERS

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM GAME
HTTP://NOBELPRIZE.ORG/EDUCATIONAL_GAMES/MEDICINE/ECG/
 Blood Vessels

Hollow tubes that circulate your blood

Three Kinds of Blood Vessels

• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries
If all the arteries, veins, and
capillaries in the human body
were placed end to end, the total
length would equal more than
100,000 km—they could stretch
around the earth nearly two and
a half times.
 Inner layer of blood vessels

– Lined with endothelial cells - create a

smooth passage for blood transit
– Surrounded by connective tissue and
smooth muscle for:

• Expansion - during exercise to meet demand

for blood and to cool body

• Contraction - after injury to reduce bleeding

and/or conserve body heat
 Arteries
• Carry blood AWAY from the heart
• Heart pumps blood
• Main artery called the aorta
• Aorta divides and branches
• Many smaller arteries
• Each region of your body has system of
arteries supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich
blood.
 Arteries

• Tough on the outside

• Smooth on the inside
• Muscular wall helps the heart pump blood
 The ARTERY
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the artery

to stretch under pressure

thick muscle and elastic

fibres the thick muscle can contract
to push the blood along.
 H ave strong, muscular walls
The inner layer is very smooth so that the blood
can flow easily

http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
 Aorta
largest artery in the body
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html
LEFT VENTRICLE

aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
 Capillaries

• Very thin
• Only one cell thick
• Connect arteries & veins

• Smallest of blood vessels, are only visible by microscope.

Ten (10) capillaries lying side by side are barely as thick
as a human hair.
 Capillaries

• Food and oxygen released to the body cells

• Carbon dioxide and other waste products

returned to the bloodstream
 The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

they exchange materials between

the blood and other body cells.

the wall of a capillary

is only one cell thick
The exchange of materials between the
blood and the body can only occur
through capillaries.
Interstitial fluid fills the gaps between the cells of tissues or organs

• dissolved oxygen and nutrients enter the cells from interstitial fluid by diffusion.

• carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cell via interstitial fluid, cross capillary walls, and enter
blood.

After delivering oxygen to tissues and absorbing wastes, deoxygenated blood in capillaries then starts the
return trip to heart
 The CAPILLARY
A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed.
bed

artery vein

capillaries
body cell
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html
Valves are located inside the veins. The valves
only allow blood to move in one direction.

http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
 Veins

• Carry blood to the heart

• Receive blood from the capillaries
• Transport waste-rich/ oxygen-poor blood
back to the lungs and heart
• Valves are located inside the veins
• Allow blood to move in one direction
 The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards the heart.

veins have valves which act to

stop the blood from going in the
wrong direction.

thin muscle and elastic

fibres
body muscles surround the veins so that when
they contract to move the body, they also
squeeze the veins and push the blood along the
vessel.
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html
• capillaries merge to form tiny veins, called venules
• venules join together to form progressively larger
veins
• veins converge into two large veins:
– inferior vena cava-brings blood from the lower half of body

– superior vena cava-brings blood from upper half

– Both join at the right atrium of heart

Capillaries  Venules  Veins  RIGHT ATRIUM

 Varicose Veins
• Blood in veins flows back to heart at very low pressure, often
running uphill when a person is standing

• Flow against gravity allowed by one-way valves

– several centimeters apart in veins

• Veins with defective valves (allow the blood to flow backward)

become enlarged or dilated to form varicose veins

»
 what’s in
platelets
red blood cells white blood cells

plasma oxygen

waste (urea) digested food

carbon hormones
dioxide
 The Blood

red blood cell white blood cell

platelets plasma
 Blood

• Pumped by your heart.

• Travels through thousands of miles of
blood vessels
• Carries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste
products to and from your body cells.
• Made up of liquids, solids and small
amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
 Blood
Red blood cells

• Carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells

of the body.
• Takes carbon dioxide and transports it back
to the lungs

• About 5,000,000 Red Blood Cells in ONE

drop of blood.
 Red Blood Cells
contain haemoglobin, a
a biconcave disc that is molecule specially designed
round and flat without a to hold oxygen and carry it to
nucleus cells that need it.

can change shape to an

amazing extent, without
breaking, as it squeezes
single file through the
capillaries.
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
 Blood
White blood cells

• Protect the body from germs

• Attack and destroy germs when they enter the body

 White Blood Cells

there are many different types and all

contain a big nucleus.

the two main ones are the

lymphocytes and the macrophages.

macrophages ‘eat’ and digest micro-

organisms .

some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy

invaders by dissolving them.
other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.
scienceu.fsu.edu
www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/ illus/167i2.htm
 Blood

Platelets

Are blood cells that help stop bleeding

Platelets
Platelets are bits of cell
broken off larger cells.

Platelets produce tiny

fibrinogen fibres to
form a net. This net
traps other blood
cells to form a blood
clot.
PLATELETS
• Help clot blood

• Seals cuts

• Prevents blood
loss from wounds
user.gru.net/clawrence/ vccl/chpt7/plate.htm
 Blood
Plasma

• Is the yellowish liquid part of the blood

• About half of your blood is made of plasma
• The plasma carries the blood cells
throughout the body
• Plasma is made in the liver.
 PLASMA
• 55% of blood is plasma

• 92% of plasma is water

• Clear liquid fluid

 Plasma
It also contains useful
things like;

• carbon dioxide

A straw-coloured • glucose
liquid that carries
• amino acids
the cells and the
platelets which • proteins
help blood clot.
• minerals
• vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
BLOOD TYPES
• A B AB O
Mixing blood types can have serious side effects

RH Factor

• Positive (+)
• Negative (-)
Negative does not have RH factor
 BLOOD TYPES

Blood Groups (Printed notes for the students )

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/readmore.html

Blood Typing Game (Computers game)

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/
Lymphatic
System

http://www.innerbody.com/image/lympov.htm
l
 Components
» Lymph is the fluid
» Lymphatic vessels
» Lymphoid organs
» Immune system cells

Functions
• Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream
• Transport fats from the digestive tract to the bloodstream
• Immunity: The ability to resist infection and disease
1. Lymph:
– a fluid similar to plasma
– does not have plasma proteins
2. Lymphatic vessels:
– network that carries lymph from peripheral
tissues to the venous system
3. Lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs:
– found throughout the body
4. Lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other immune
system cells.
‒ Protect against pathogens
Lymph Capillaries
 Lymphatic Capillaries

Differ from blood capillaries in 4 ways:

•start as pockets rather than tubes

•have larger diameters
•have thinner walls
•flat or irregular in section
Lymphatic Capillaries
 Lymphatic vessels

• Join to form large lymphatic trunks

• Trunks empty into 2 major collecting

vessels:
– thoracic duct
– right lymphatic duct
Lymphoid Organs

• Tonsils
• Lymph nodes
• Thymus
• Spleen
Tonsils: Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules
 Lymph Nodes
• They are found throughout the body.
• Lymph nodes are filters or traps for foreign particles and
contain white blood cells.
• Range from 1–25 mm diameter
Lymph Nodes of the neck
 Spleen
– Largest lymphatic organ
– Located between the stomach & diaphragm

– Functions
» Filters blood
» Stores blood
Spleen
 Functions of the Spleen

1. Removal of abnormal blood cells and

other blood components by phagocytosis

2. Storage of iron recycled from red blood

cells
Spleen
 Thymus Gland
Location :
– behind the sternum in the mediastinum
– The capsule divides it into 2 lobes

Development
• Infant – conspicuous
• Puberty – maximum size
• Maturity – decreases in size

Function
• Differentiation and maturation of T cells (Lymphocites)
Thymus Gland
 Quiz
1. Top chambers of the heart are called….
2. Bottom chambers of the heart are
called…
3. Which side of the heart has oxygenated
blood?
4. Name the four components of the blood
5. Name the three types of blood vessels.
 SUMMARY
Copy and complete the following;

away
Arteries take blood ______ from the heart. The walls of an artery are

muscular
made up of thick _________ walls and elastic fibres. Veins carry blood

towards capillaries
________ the heart and also have valves. The _________ link arteries

and veins, and have a one cell thick wall. Blood is made up of four main

thingsplasma
______, the liquid part of the blood; Red Blood Cells to carry
oxygen
______; White Blood cells to protect the body from disease and

platelets
_________ to help blood clot.
Suárez 2008