Internal Combustion Engines

Chapter 1 Introduction to Internal

Combustion Engine

Mr. San Sophak

2018
1
An overview
• An heat engine is a device which transforms
the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal
energy and uses this energy to produce
mechanical work.

2
Heat engines are broadly classified into:
(a)External Combustion Engines (EC Engines)
(b)Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines)

3
 External combustion engine
• In external combustion engines, the
combustion of the fuel in presence of air takes
place outside the engine cylinder. The heat
energy released from the fuel is utilized to
raise the high­pressure steam in a boiler from
water. Steam is a working fluid, which enters
into the cylinder of a steam engine or steam
turbine to perform mechanical work.

4
 External combustion engine
• There are some examples of external
combustion engine: Steam Engine, Steam
Turbine and Stirling Engine .etc.

stirling Engine
Steam Engine

5
Steam Turbine
 Internal Combustion Engine
• An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat
engine in which the combustion of a fuel
occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a
combustion chamber that is an integral part of
the working fluid flow circuit.

6
 Internal Combustion Engine
• In reciprocating engines having cylinder and piston,
the combustion of the fuel takes place inside the
cylinder and such engines may be called intermittent
internal combustion engines. Wankel engine is a
rotary intermittent internal combustion engine.

7
• In an open cycle gas turbine plant, the products of
combustion of fuel enter into the gas turbine and
work is obtained in the form of rotation of the
turbine shaft. Such a turbine is an example of a
continuous internal combustion engine. Jet engines
and rockets are also internal combustion engines.

8
The main advantages of an internal combustion
engine over an external combustion engine are:
(a).Greater mechanical simplicity
(b).Higher power output per unit weight because of the
absence of auxiliary units like boiler, condenser, and
feed pump
(c) Lower initial cost
(d) Higher brake thermal efficiency as only a small
fraction of heat energy of the fuel is dissipated to the
cooling system.
9
The disadvantages of the internal combustion
engine over the external combustion engine are:
(a) The IC engines cannot use solid fuels which are cheaper.
Only liquid or gaseous fuels of given specifications can be
efficiently used. These fuels are relatively more expensive.
(b) The IC engines are not self-starting whereas the EC
engines have a high-starting torque.
(c) The intermittent IC engines have reciprocating parts and
hence they are susceptible to the problems of vibration.

10
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
• The first IC engine for commercial use was developed
by a Frenchman, J.J.E. Lenoir (1822- 1900) in the year
1860, using Coal gas and air mixture.
By the year 1865 about
5000 engines were built in
sizes up to 6 hp providing
efficiency, however, not
exceeding 5 per cent, but it
was better than the
efficiency of a small steam
engine of those times.
11
• Nicolaus A. Otto (1832-1891) and Eugen Langen
(1833-1895) developed a free piston engine in 1867
in Germany. Air-fuel mixture was taken in a cylinder
and ignited by a gas flame during the early part of
the outward stroke to accelerate a free piston, and a
vacuum was thus generated in the cylinder. The
thermal efficiency of this engine was found to be 11
per cent.

12
13
• In 1862, Alphonse Beau de Rochas (1815-
1893), a Frenchman, described the principles
of four-stroke cycle and the conditions under
which maximum efficiency could be obtained
in IC engines. It gave an idea of igniting fuel at
higher pressures, nearly at the end of
compression instead of burning the fuel at
atmospheric pressure. Beau de Rochas could
not, however, build any engine himself based
on his principles.

14
• In 1876, Nicolaus August Otto built an engine
based on these principles. This engine worked
on the four stroke principle-intake,
compression, expansion or power and exhaust
strokes. Ignition was nearly at the end of
compression. Otto engine resulted in reduced
weight and volume and gave higher thermal
efficiency. By 1890, almost 50,000 of these
engines had been sold in Europe and the USA

15
Otto engine

16
Otto engine
17
• By the 1880s, Dugald Clerk and James Robson of the
UK and Karl Benz of Germany developed the two-
stroke internal combustion engine. In this engine,
compression of the charge takes place during the
inward or upward stroke and expansion or power is
obtained during the outward or downward stroke.
Exhaust and intake processes occur during the end of
the power stroke and at the beginning of the
compression stroke

18
the two-stroke internal combustion engine
19
• In 1892, Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) developed
a different type of engine in which a high
compression ratio was used to ignite the fuel.
Fuel was injected nearly at the end of
compression which was then ignited by hot
compressed air. The efficiency of the engine
was increased due to higher compression and
expansion ratios.

20
Two stroke engine with an expansion stroke
larger than the compression stroke

21
the two-stroke internal combustion engine
22
• In 1957, Wankel's rotary IC engine was tested
successfully after being under research and
development for many years. It was based on the
design of Felix Wankel of Germany. It used an
equilaterally shaped triangular piston that moved
in a chamber. Other modem developments are
the revival of stirling engine, free piston engine,
stratified charge engine, variable compression
ratio engine, variable valve timing engine, etc.

23
24
 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
Internal combustion engines can be classified on the following basis:

• Thermodynamic cycle • Field of application

• Working cycle • Lubrication system
• Fuel • Method of control under
• Method of fuel supply variable load
• Method of ignition • Basic engine design
• Method of cooling • Number of cylinders
• Speed • Valve or port design
• Combustion chamber
design

25
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGINES BY CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT

Multi-cylinder reciprocating engines are commonly

classified by cylinder arrangement.
• In-line engines
• V-engines
• Opposed cylinder engines
• Opposed piston engines
• Radial engines
• X-type engine
• H-type engine
26
In-line engines

27
V-engines

28
Opposed cylinder engines

29
Opposed piston engines

30
Radial engines

31
X-type engine

32
H-type engine

33
END

34