Outline

• Basics
• Circuit Symbol
• Construction of Op-Amp
• Op-Amp Internal Circuit
• Characteristics
• Types
• Salient Features
• Virtual Ground Concept
• Op-Amp Circuits
• Other functions and applications
• Advantages
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 Basic
• Operational Amplifier - s
Also Known as Op-Amp
• It is an Integrated Circuit (IC)
• Function: Linear, Non-linear and mathematical operations
• Circuit symbol of an op-amp.
• Capable of handling both AC & DC

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Op-Amp Circuit Symbol

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 Op-Amp Construction
• It consists of differential amplifier, level translator
and o/p stage.
• input stage of op-amp consists of differential
amplifier - hence two-input terminals.
• input 1 called as Inverting terminal
• input 2 called as Non-inverting terminal
• Naming convention: the phase relationship between their
i/p's & o/p's
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 Characteristics of Op -Amp
1. Open Loop Voltage Gain
2. Output offset Voltage
3. Common Mode Rejection Ratio
4. Slew Rate

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 Open Loop Voltage
Gain
• The open loop voltage gain of an op-amp is its differential
gain without any feedback path.
• AV = V0 / (V1 - V2)

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 Output Offset
Voltage
• The voltage present at the output of an op-amp when its
differential input voltage is zero is called as output offset
voltage.

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 Common Mode Rejection Ratio
• Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) of an op-amp is
defined as the ratio of the closed loop differential gain, Ad
and the common mode gain, Ac
• CMRR = Ad/Ac
• Note that the common mode gain, Ac of an op-amp is the
ratio of the common mode output voltage and the
common mode input voltage.

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 Slew Rate
• Slew rate of an op-amp is defined as the maximum rate of
change of the output voltage due to a step input voltage.
• SR = Maximum of dV0/dt
• Where, V0 is the output voltage. In general, slew
rate is measured in either V/μSec or V/mSec.

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 Op-Amp
• Ideal Op-Amp Types
• Practical Op-Amp

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 Ideal Op -
Amp
• Theoretical, non exist in practical
• Equivalent Circuit

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 Characteristics of an Ideal -Op-
• Amp
Input impedance Zi=∞Ω
• Output impedance Z0=0Ω
• Open loop voltage gain Av=∞
• If (the differential) input voltage Vi=0V, then the output voltage
will be V0=0V
• Bandwidth is infinity. It means, an ideal op-amp will amplify
the signals of any frequency without any attenuation.
• Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is infinity.
• Slew Rate (SR) is infinity. It means, the ideal op-amp will
produce a change in the output instantly in response to an
input step voltage.
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 Practical Op -
• Amp
Non – Ideal Case, imperfections during manufacturing
• Equivalent Circuit.

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 Characteristics of Practical Op -
• Amp
Input impedance, Zi in the order of Mega ohms.
• Output impedance, Z0 in the order of few ohms..
• Open loop voltage gain, Av will be high.
• When you choose a practical op-amp, you should
check whether it satisfies the following conditions −
• Input impedance, Zi should be as high as possible.
• Output impedance, Z0 should be as low as possible.
• Open loop voltage gain, Av should be as high as possible.
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 Cont
• … be as low as possible.
Output offset voltage should
• The operating Bandwidth should be as high as possible.
• CMRR should be as high as possible.
• Slew rate should be as high as possible.

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 Op-Amp Other Functions &
• Applications
Arithmetic Circuits
• Differentiator & Integrator
• Electrical quantity converters (V to I & I to V)
• Comparators
• Log & Anti-Log Amplifiers
• Rectifiers
• Clippers
• Clampers
• Active Filters
• Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Waveform Generators
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 Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
– Smaller Size
– Reduced Cost
– Simple designs without much discrete elements
• Disadvantages
– Requires dual power supply
– Suits much in low power applications only

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