EE8409 Electromagnetic

Theory
Lecture 2
Dr. Shazzat Hossain
 LaPlace’s and Poisson’s
Equations
• Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations for linear homogeneous medium

and

This is known as Poisson’s equation. A special case of this equation occurs when .

which is known as LaPlace’s equation.

 Uniqueness Theorem
• We consider their difference
which obeys,
• From the divergence theorem,

 where is the surface surrounding volume and is the boundary of the original problem.
We let and use a vector identity,
But

Hence

Since the integration is always positive,

Hence, or everywhere, showing that and cannot be different solutions of the same problem.
This is the uniqueness theorem: If a solution to Laplace’s equation can be found that satisfies the boundary
conditions, then the solution is unique.
Relation between R and C
 Method of Images
• The image theory states that a given charge configuration above an infinite
grounded perfect conducting plane may be replaced by the charge configuration
itself, its image, and an equipotential surface in place of the conducting plane.

Two conditions:
1. The image charge(s) must be located in the conducting region.
2. The image charge(s) must be located such that on the conducting
surface(s) the potential is zero or constant.
Electric Field, Potential

It should be noted that when , has only the component,

confirming that is normal to the conducting surface.
• The potential

for and for . Note that

 Surface Charge and Total
Charge
The surface charge density of the induced charge,

The total induced charge on the conducting plane is:

as expected, because all flux lines terminating on the conductor would have
terminated on the image charge if the conductor were absent.
 Magnetostatics: Static Magnetic Fields
The interactions of uniformly moving charges i.e. dc current.
• Basic Laws
• Biot-Savart’s Law
• Ampere’s Law
 Biot-Savart’s Law
• Biot-Savart’s Law states that the differential magnetic field intensity produced at a point ,
as shown in Figure, by the differential current element is proportional to the product and
the sine of the angle between the element and the line joining to the element and is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between and the element.

𝑅ത
𝛼

𝐼
Biot-Savart’s Law: Different current Distributions

Filament current Surface current

(current through a (e.g. solar wind) volume current
wire) (current in thick
wire)
 Ampere’s Law
Ampere’s circuit law states that the line integral of H around a closed path is
same as the net current enclosed by the path. Special form of the Biot-
Savart Law.

∮ 𝑯 . 𝒅 𝒍= 𝑰 𝒆𝒏𝒄
𝑳

From Biot-Savart’s law we found

For an infinite filament,
 Magnetic Flux Density, B (Wb/m2)
• The magnetic flux density is like the electric flux density . As in free space, the
magnetic flux density is related to the magnetic field intensity according to
in free space
where is a constant known as the permeability of free space.

• For material space,

in material space
where is the relative permeability of the material. For non-magnetic material

The magnetic field is defined as the force per unit current element.
 Magnetic Flux and Flux Lines
• The magnetic flux through a surface is given by

Magnetic Flux Line:

• A magnetic flux line is a path to which is tangential at every point on the line. It is a line
along which the needle of a magnetic compass will orient itself if placed in a magnetic
field.
• Each Flux line is closed and has no beginning or end. Flux lines do not cross each other
regardless of the current distribution.
Magnetic Flux and Flux Lines
 Magnetic Flux and Flux Lines
• It is not possible to have isolated magnetic poles (or magnetic charges).
• An isolated magnetic charge does not exist.
• Thus, the total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field must be
zero; that is,

• This equation is referred to as the law of conservation of magnetic flux or

Gauss’s law for the magnetostatic fields.
 Magnetic Force: on a charge particle
• Magnetic field can exert force only on a moving charge particle

Electric Force Magnetic Force

is independent on the velocity depends on the velocity

can perform work on the charge and is normal to the charge velocity, so cannot
change its kinetic energy perform work (because force makes right angle
with the direction of motion of charge ). No
change in kinetic energy.
generally higher than get bigger in high velocities.
 Magnetic Force: on a charge
particle
• For a moving charge in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields, the total force
on the charge is given by

This is known as the Lorentz force equation. It relates mechanical force to electrical force.
• If the mass of the charged particle moving in and field is , by Newton’s second law, we
get,

• The solution of this equation gives the motion of charged particles in and fields.
 Magnetic Force: on a current element
• We need to find the force on a current element of a current-carrying conductor due to the
magnetic field .
• Here

• We know

• We also know that the different types of current elements are:

The magnetic field is defined as the force per unit current element.
 Magnetic Force between two current
elements

• Let us consider the force between two elements and According to the Biot-
Savart’s law, both current elements produce magnetic fields. Let us find the
magnetic field produced by the current element and the force on element .
 Torque
• The torque (or mechanical moment of force) on the loop is the vector
product of the force and the moment arm .
Let us assume, the length of the loop,
the width of the loop,
current trough the loop,
the uniform flux density,
Therefore,
 Moment
Torque is a moving force, whereas a moment is a static force. When there is no
rotation, the moment is employed, but torque is used when there is rotation and a
pivot. Torque is employed in dynamic applications, but Moment is used in static
operations.

Moment
For rectangular loop

For circular loop

 Inductances and Inductors

Total Flux: A circuit carrying current produces a magnetic field that causes a flux to pass
through each turn of the circuit as shown in Figure.

Flux Linkage: If the circuit has identical turns, we define the flux linkage as
 Inductances and Inductors for only
circuit
• Self Inductance: The flux linkage is produced by the circuit
itself.
If the medium surrounding the circuit is linear, the flux linkage is
proportional to the current producing it; that is,

or

where is a constant of proportionality called the inductance of

the circuit. The inductance is property of the physical
arrangement of the circuit. Such circuit is called an Inductor.

The unit of inductance is the henry (); . Inductors are usually

expressed in milihenrys (mH).
 
 Inductances and Inductors for only
circuit
• Inductance may be regarded as a measure of how much magnetic energy is
stored in an inductor. The magnetic energy (in joules) stored in an inductor
is expressed in circuit theory as

or

• The self-inductance of a circuit can be calculated from energy

considerations.
 Energy Stored in Magnetic Field
We know, and
If

is the energy density in magnetic field.

 Maxwell’s Equations for static
Fields
• Conservative principle of Electrostatic field • Ampere’s Law

• Applying Stokes’s theorem, • Applying Stokes’s theorem,

• Gauss’s Law • Gauss’s Law of magnetostatic or no isolated

pole exists

• Applying Divergence theorem

• Applying Divergence theorem
Maxwell’s Equations for Electro-magneto
statics
Integral form

Differential form
 Boundary Conditions
To derive the electrostatic Boundary conditions, we consider the following equations:
;
At the boundary, we decompose the field vectors into two components-the tangential
component and the normal component. For example,

• To derive the magnetostatic Boundary conditions, we consider the following

equations:

Also, we decompose them in two components as the electrostatic field term.

Boundary Condition
• Dielectric-Dielectric Boundary Conditions:

• We apply

as ,
Thus, the tangential components of are the same on the two sides of
the boundary.

If , the equation becomes

Boundary Conditions
Refraction of Electric Field
If , the equation becomes

this is the law of refraction of the

electric field at a boundary free of
charges.
 Conductor-Dielectric Boundary
• Conductor-dielectric Boundary Condition

As

Similarly, by applying

because inside the conductor.