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Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by injecting a sample into a gas carrier that carries it through a column coated with a stationary liquid or solid phase. Components in the mixture are separated based on how they partition between the mobile and stationary phases and exit the column at different retention times, where they are detected and recorded in a gas chromatogram. Key components of a gas chromatography instrument include an injection port, column, stationary phase, detector, and recorder. Common applications of gas chromatography include food analysis, quality control in industries, and forensic and environmental analysis.

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60 views18 pages

Food Presentation

Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by injecting a sample into a gas carrier that carries it through a column coated with a stationary liquid or solid phase. Components in the mixture are separated based on how they partition between the mobile and stationary phases and exit the column at different retention times, where they are detected and recorded in a gas chromatogram. Key components of a gas chromatography instrument include an injection port, column, stationary phase, detector, and recorder. Common applications of gas chromatography include food analysis, quality control in industries, and forensic and environmental analysis.

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GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

PRESENTED TO,
DR KIRAN SHAHZADI
PRESENTED BY,
MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN
MSF2206170
MS CHEMISTRY
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
DEFINITION,PRINCIPLE, INSTRUMENTATION, WORKING,
APPLICATIONS
CHROMATOGRAPHY

In chemical analysis, chromatography is a


laboratory technique for the separation of a
mixture into its components. The mixture is
dissolved in a fluid solvent called the mobile
phase, which carries it through a system on
which a material called the stationary phase is
fixed.
Gas chromatography
• Gas chromatography (GC) in analytical chemistry is a common type of
chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is
separated as a vapour.
• The mobile phase which we usually used in gas chromatography is noble gas or
an unreactive gas such as helium, argon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. A sample is
injected into a heating block where the compound is vaporized. Gas
chromatography got a boost when gas liquid chromatography was invented with
good instrumentation.
• It is used for testing the purity of substances or the separation of a particular
component from a mixture. The success and failure of gas chromatography
analysis or separation depend mainly on the retention time.
Instrumentation of gas chromatography
A good gas chromatography machine contains the following important
components,
pressure regulator
sample injection port
gas chromatography column
stationary phase
detector
• signal recorder
Pressure regulator
• Pressure is adjusted within the limits of 1 to 4 atmospheres while the flow
control valve measures 1 to 1000 liters per minute of gas. Flow valves are
adjustable by a needle valve mounted on the base. The preferred carrier
gas may be helium, argon, nitrogen, and hydrogen due to their high
thermal conductivity.
• Sample injection port
• Samples are injected by a microsyringe through a self-sealing silicon rubber
septum in a heated metal. The metal bock is a heated electrical heater. We
used different sizes of injection ports for the injection of a sample.
Gas chromatography column
• The gas chromatography column can be made by tubing coiled into an open
spiral. We used copper or stainless steel for high-temperature operation. The
velocity of the carrier gas flow rate depends on the inner diameter of the
chromatographic column. The usual size of the column is 2 meters.
• Detector
• The detector can detect the arrival of components coming from the column to
provide an electrical signal. Pressure and temperature detector are the two
major groups of detectors used in gas chromatography.
• The detector in gas chromatography instrumentation is situated near the
column to avoid the condensation of liquids or detect the sample before
decomposition.
In a packed column gas chromatography instrumentation, we used mostly a
Thermal conductivity detector (TCD) or a flame ionization detector (FID).

Among these TCD is the most popular.

A flame ionization detector (FID) is most useful where the effluent is suitably
attenuated by a stream splitter.
• TCD detector contains four heat sensing elements made by thermistors or
resistance wires. The thermometers are electronic semiconductors of fused
metal oxides whose electrical resistance varies with temperature.
Stationary phase in gas chromatography
Gas liquid chromatography can be available in almost an infinite
variety of liquid partition materials. The liquid or stationary phase in
gas chromatography can be divided into nonpolar, intermediate
polarity, polar carbowaxes, and hydrogen bonding compounds like
glycol.
The maximum temperature of the stationary phase can be determined by its
volatility. The excess volatility of the stationary phase can shorten the life of the
column.
• Loading of the column by stationary phase can be expressed by percentage of
weight. For example, 15% means, a 100 g column has 15 g of stationary phase.
Gas chromatogram
The choice of recorder determines the ultimate accuracy of the gas
chromatogram. The full-scale pass response should be 1 second.
Sometimes amplification of signals is essential to give a gas
chromatogram.
• In the gas chromatogram, we have a gaussian error function
curve that is symmetrical. If a substance has no affinity for the
stationary phase, the partition coefficient, K = 0. Therefore, it
will not be retained by the column.
Principle and working of gas chromatography
• separation in gas chromatography is feasible by partitioning the
sample between a mobile gas phase and a thin layer stationary
phase of nonvolatile, high boiling liquid held on the solid support.
The idea of fractioning gases by passage over solid or immobilized
gases was first introduced in 1941. It is popular after 1955.
• A sample is injected into a heating block where the compound is readily
vaporized. The sample vapour is carried by the carrier gas into the column inlet.
• The solute is absorbed in the head of the column by the stationary phase. It is
traveled at its own rate through the column according to its partition coefficient
value.
• Solutes are eluted according to their partition coefficient and entered into the
detector.

In the detector, solutes give a series of signals resulting from concentration


changes and different rates of elution.
• The recorder provides a plot of the time ageist composition of the carrier gas
stream. The peaks of the plot give the quantitative data in the gas
chromatogram.
Applications of gas chromatography
• gas chromatography is usually used for the identification and analysis of organic
molecules and polymers. In elemental analysis, the class of pyrolysis reactions where
the organic products break down into carbon dioxide and water can be carried out by a
gas chromatography instrument. It can be used in a wide number of industries with
different types of applications.
• Food analysis
• it is an important branch of analytical chemistry that can be used for the analysis and separation of food
products.
• The gas chromatography technique is used widely for quantitative and qualitative analysis of food.
• The technique is used mainly for the analysis of food additives, flavors, and aroma.
• It can detect toxic elements such as pesticides, fumigants, and naturally occurring toxins in food. Therefore,
this technique ensures the safety of food products.
Quality control
• the industries which produce cars, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals can be used gas
chromatography instrumentation for quality control. Many chemical and pharmaceutical
industries produce pure and large quantities of products by the application of gas
chromatography.
• Forensic analysis
• the gas chromatography instrument is applicable in many forensic investigation and
detection. For example, the causes and time of death can be investigated by this
instrument.
• Air pollution
• air pollution is a major problem in today’s life. It can be negatively affected our health. Gas
chromatography instrumentation is used for monitoring levels of air pollution caused by
different types of air pollutants.

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