BIOCHEMICAL BENEFITS AND EFFECT OF SMOKING TOBACCO

SEMINAR PRESENTATION

BY

HABIB RASHIDAT

(LSC/2019/10222)

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSIN-MA, DUTSIN-MA, KATSINA STATE

MARCH, 2023
 INTRODUCTION

•Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and diminishes a person’s
overall health. Millions and millions of peoples have health problems due to
habit of smoking. It is now a burden worldwide because smoking addiction of
teenagers increasing immensely. Globally, smoking is not only a leading cause
of cancer as well as various heart diseases. Smoke contains several
carcinogenic pyrolytic products like Polycyclic Aroma0tic Hydrocarbons
(PCAH), acrolein etc are irreversibly binds to DNA, causes
genetic mutation and cancer.

• Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of cellular damage and alters

biochemical functions. Most commonly affecting organs are heart, liver and
lungs, etc Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to
DNA and cause genetic mutations, resulting cancer.
 DEFINATION OF TERMS

• Smoke: a visible suspension of carbon or other particles in air, typically one emmited
from a burning substance.

• Smoking: the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material. A
variety of plant materials are smoked, including marijuana, but the act is most
commonly associated with tobacco as smoked in a cigarette, cigar, or pipe.
 TIME HORIZON FOR THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE
SMOKING

• Cigarette smoking causes chronic diseases that appear at older ages, such as lung
cancer, as well as adverse health effects that occur in the short run. The immediate
and short-term adverse health effects of cigarette smoking are less likely to be
directly fatal than the long-term health effects.

• The short-term adverse health effects caused by cigarette smoking can be observed
in smokers immediately or soon after they begin smoking. The health effects of
cigarette smoking thus begin at or near the age of initiation of cigarette smoking,
which is usually in adolescence

• In this report, the term “immediate health effects” refers to effects that occur within
days of cigarette smoking, while “long-term health effects” refers to the clinical
morbidity and mortality that occur primarily in middle and late adulthood, and the
term “intermediate health effects” is used to refer broadly to the health outcomes that
occur between the immediate and long-term health effects.
 SPECTRUM OF HEALTH EFFECTS

• Cigarette smoking causes a constellation of subclinical health effects that occur

shortly after initiation of smoking.

• Physiologic markers of diminished health status include subclinical outcomes such

as increased oxidative stress, reduced antioxidant defenses, increased inflammation,
impaired immune status, and altered lipid profiles

• Smoking's impacts on such short-term physiologic outcomes impair the smoker's

overall health status, which in turn renders the smoker more susceptible to various
adverse health outcomes, such as developing acute illnesses, respiratory symptoms,
and a lessened capacity to heal wounds
 PHYSIOLOGIC MARKERS OF DIMINISHED HEALTH STATUS

• Increased oxidative stress

Cigarette smoke contains free radicals and other oxidants in abundance

• Depletion of circulating antioxidant micronutrient concentrations

Cigarette smoking exposes the smoker to potential oxidative damage not experienced
by the nonsmoker

• Increased inflammation
The direct pro-oxidant effects of cigarette smoke are further exacerbated by additional
endogenous oxidant formation via the smoking-induced inflammatory-immune
response
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING

RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS: COUGHING, PHLEGM, WHEEZING,

DYSPNEA

• The immediate adverse health effects of cigarette smoking are not limited to
subclinical measures; they can also result in physical symptoms.

• The specific symptoms caused by cigarette smoking are coughing, phlegm, wheezing,
and dyspnea. The consistent presence of the causal association across the life course
supports the classification of these symptoms as an immediate health effect
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING (CONT’D)

NICOTINE ADDICTION

• Another clinical, immediate adverse health effect of cigarette smoking is

nicotine addiction, The importance of nicotine addiction as an immediate
adverse health effect cannot be underestimated

• Nicotine addiction, via its role in propagating sustained smoking, assumes a

role as a central determinant of the entire catalogue of downstream health
effects of cigarette smoking

INTERMEDIATE-TERM EFFECTS ON MORBIDITY

• The health effects included in the category of “intermediate adverse health

effects” consist largely of health outcomes that are not dependent on having
smoked a cigarette in the immediate past but rather require a more extensive
smoking history for the adverse outcome to become manifest
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING (CONT’D)

ABSENTEEISM

• Another indicator of diminished health status is absence from work. Among the
many factors that contribute to attendance, health status is clearly a major
determinant

• Cigarette smoking is a determinant of absence. A substantial body of evidence on

the association in adults between cigarette smoking and absence from work
consistently demonstrates that smokers are significantly more likely to have greater
workplace absenteeism

INCREASED UTILIZATION OF MEDICAL SERVICES

• Utilization of medical services provides an additional indicator of health status.

Among patients admitted to the hospital, smokers have longer lengths of stay and
incur greater expenses per admission than nonsmokers.
 IMPACT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON MORTALITY

• Cigarette smoking contributes significantly to the population burden of many of

the leading causes of chronic disease deaths that typically occur in middle and late
adulthood, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and COPD

CANCER
• As a cause of 12 different types of malignancy, cigarette smoking is responsible
for 163,700 cancer deaths per year in the United States

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
• Cigarette smoking is estimated to cause 160,600 cardiovascular disease deaths
per year in the United States (HHS, 2014)

DIABETES
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a leading underlying cause of mortality from
cardiovascular disease, and it also leads to other adverse consequences such as
kidney failure and blindness
 IMPACT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON MORTALITY (CONT’D)

COPD
• More than 138,000 Americans died from COPD in 2010 (Heron, 2013), making
it the third leading cause of death in the United States.

INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIOUS LUNG DISEASES

• Cigarette smoking is causally associated with an increased risk of pneumonia
and tuberculosis mortality
 CONCLUSION

• Smoking can harm all the organ of the body and diminish person’s overall
health

• Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of cellular damage and alters

biochemical functions. Most commonly affecting organs are heart, liver and
lungs, etc

• Smoking increase the risk of Smoke by at least 50%,which can cause brain
damage and health

• Smoking damage the heart and blood circulation increasing risk of condition
such as coronary heart disease, heart attack, stroke, peripheral Vascular disease
and cerobascular diseases

• Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen supply to the skin, causes premature
ages of skin and makes it three times more likely facial wrinkling, particularly
around the eyes and mouth, gives yellow-grey complexion, hollow cheeks and
dull.
 RECOMMENDATION

We can encourage them to:

• Sign up for a quit plan and start a smoking diary. This helps them to
understand where and when they most feel like smoking and plan how to
manage situations without smoking

• Learn about cravings and withdrawal symptoms. They’re easier to cope

with when you know what to expect
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING