RA4120-60A

Nokia Academy
LTE RPESS
LTE – EPS Overview

RA41202EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

 Index

 LTE/EPC Overview
 LTE Air Interface
 Air Interface Overheads
 RRM overview
 LTE Link Budget
 Radio Planning – Coverage Planning Cell Range
 Radio Planning – Capacity
 LTE Performance Simulations
 Nokia LTE Solution
 Initial Parameters Planning

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 Module Objectives

After completing this module, the participant will be able to:

• List the LTE/SAE main requirements
• Underline the LTE/SAE key features
• Describe the LTE Network Architecture
• List the key functionalities of the evolved NB
• Describe the protocol stack implemented on EUTRAN interfaces
• Identify the LTE Terminals categories
• LTE Advanced features

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 Module Contents

• LTE Requirements
• LTE Key Features
• LTE Standardization
• LTE Architecture
• Evolved NB functionalities
• EUTRAN Interfaces
• LTE Terminals
•LTE Advanced

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 Module Contents

• LTE Requirements
• LTE Key Features
• LTE Standardization
• LTE Architecture
• Evolved NB functionalities
• EUTRAN Interfaces
• LTE Terminals
•LTE Advanced

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 What are the LTE challenges?

The Users’ expectation… ..leads to the operator’s challenges

• Best price, transparent flat rate • reduce cost per bit
• Full Internet • provide high data rate
• Click-bang responsiveness • provide low latency

User experience will have an Price per Mbyte has to be reduced

impact on ARPU to remain profitable
Throughput Latency
Cost per MByte

Fa
tor

2-3

ct
or
c
Fa
10

HSPA LTE HSPA LTE UMTS HSPA I-HSPA LTE

LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
9 RA41202EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.
 Comparison of Throughput and Latency (1/2)

• Peak data rates of 303 Enhanced consumer experience:

Mbps / 75 Mbps (R8) - drives subscriber uptake
- allow for new applications
• Low latency 10-20 ms - provide additional revenue streams

Max. peak data rate

350 Latency (Rountrip delay)*
300 GSM/
Downlink EDGE
250 Uplink
HSPA
Mbps

200 Rel6
150 HSPAev
o
100 (Rel8)
50 LTE
mi ma
0 n x
HSPA R6 Evolved HSPA LTE 2x20 MHz LTE 2x20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 m
(Rel. 7/8, 2x2 (2x2 MIMO) MHz (4x4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s
MIMO) MIMO) DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on
* Server near RAN operator)

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 Scalable Bandwidth
Scalable bandwidth
Easy to introduce on any frequency band:
• Scalable bandwidth of 1.4 – Frequency Refarming
20 MHz (Cost efficient deployment on lower
frequency bands supported)
Urban
2.6 GHz LTE
2.1 GHz UMTS
or
2.6 GHz LTE
UMTS LTE
2.1 GHz
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Rural
900 MHz GSM UMTS
LTE
or
900 MHz GSM LTE

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

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 Increased Spectral Efficiency

• OFDMA technology LTE efficiency is 3 x HSPA R6 in

increases Spectral downlink
HSPA R7 and WiMAX have Similar
efficiency Spectral Efficiency
• All cases assume 2-antenna terminal reception
• HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE assume 2-antenna BTS transmission (2x2 MIMO)
2.0
1.8 Downlink
Uplink
1.6 ITU contribution from
b p s /H z /c e ll

1.4 WiMAX Forum shows

1.2
1.0
DL 1.3 & UL 0.8 bps/Hz/cell
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 Reference:
0.0 - HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
HSPA R6 HSPA R6 + HSPA R7 WiMAX LTE R8 - HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
UE - HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia
equalizer simulations

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 Reduced Network Complexity

• Flat, scalable IP based Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture

architecture IP based Interfaces

Flat, IP based architecture

Access Core Control

MME IMS HLR/HSS

Internet
Evolved Node B Gateway

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 LTE/SAE Requirements Summary

1. Simplify the RAN:

• - Reduce the number of different types of RAN nodes, and their complexity.
• - Minimize the number of RAN interface types.
2. Increase throughput: Peak data rates of UL/DL 50/300 Mbps (R8)
3. Reduce latency (prerequisite for CS replacement).
4. Improve spectrum efficiency: Capacity 2-4 x higher than with Release 6 HSPA
5. Frequency flexibility & bandwidth scalability: Frequency Refarming
6. Migrate to a PS only domain in the core network: CSFB, SRVCC
7. Provide efficient support for a variety of different services. Traditional CS services will be supported via
VoIP, etc: EPS bearers for IMS based Voice
8. Minimise the presence of single points of failure in the network above the eNBs S1-Flex interface
9. Support for inter-working with existing 3G system & non-3GPP specified systems.
10. Operation in FDD & TDD modes
11. Improved terminal power efficiency
A more detailed list of the requirements and objectives for LTE can be found in TR 25.913.

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 Module Contents

• LTE Requirements
• LTE Key Features
• LTE Standardization
• LTE Architecture
• Evolved NB functionalities
• EUTRAN Interfaces
• LTE Terminals
•LTE Advanced

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 LTE Radio Interface Key Features

LTE Radio Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Access Network
(EUTRAN)
SAE-GW
MME Packet
Data
eNode-B Serving PDN Network
GW GW

LTE Radio Interface Key Features

• Retransmission Handling (HARQ/ARQ)
• Spectrum Flexibility
• FDD & TDD modes
• Multi-Antenna Transmission
• Frequency and time Domain scheduling
• Uplink (UL) Power Control

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 EUTRAN Key Features
LTE Radio Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Access Network
(EUTRAN)
SAE-GW
MME Packet
Data
eNode-B Serving PDN Network
GW GW

EUTRAN Key Features:

• Evolved NodeB
• IP transport layer
• UL/DL resource scheduling
• QoS Awareness
• Self-configuration

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 EPC Key Features

LTE Radio Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Access Network
(EUTRAN) SAE-GW
MME Packet
Data
eNode-B Serving PDN Network
GW GW

EPC Key Features:

• IP transport layer
• QoS Awareness
• Packet Switched Domain only
• 3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option
• Prepare to connect to non-3GPP access networks

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 Module Contents

• LTE Requirements
• LTE Key Features
• LTE Standardization
• LTE Architecture
• Evolved NB functionalities
• EUTRAN Interfaces
• LTE Terminals
•LTE Advanced

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 LTE = Long Term Evolution

• Next step for

GSM/WCDMA/HSPA A true global roaming technology
and CDMA
• Peak data rates of 300
Mbps / 50 Mbps (R8)
Enhanced consumer experience
• Low latency 10-20 ms

• Scalable bandwidth of Easy to introduce on any

1.4 – 20 MHz (R8) frequency band
• OFDM technology
• Flat, scalable IP based Decreased cost / GB
architecture
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 Schedule for 3GPP releases

• Next step for

GSM/WCDMA/HSPA A true global roaming technology
and cdma2000
Specification: HSUPA HSPA+
UMTS/ HSDPA LTE-A
WCDMA IMS MBMS LTE Studies studies LTE-A
WLAN IW LTE & EPC
3GPP Rel. 99/4 Rel. 5 Rel. 6 Rel. 7 Rel. 8 Rel. 9 Rel. 10

2000 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 2011 year

• LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been simple multimode implementation
and backwards compatibility.
• HSPA and LTE have in common:
– Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency
– Same kind of Turbo coding
• The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are typically done on hardware due to
high processing requirements.
• WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization.

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 Module Contents

• LTE Requirements
• LTE Key Features
• LTE Standardization
• LTE Architecture
• Evolved NB functionalities
• EUTRAN Interfaces
• LTE Terminals
•LTE Advanced

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 Network Architecture Evolution

HSPA Direct tunnel I-HSPA LTE

HSPA R6 HSPA R7 HSPA R7 LTE R8
GGSN GGSN GGSN SAE GW

SGSN SGSN SGSN MME/SGSN

RNC RNC
Node B Node B Node B + Evolved
(NB) (NB) RNC Node B
Functionality (eNB)
- Flat architecture: single network element in user plane in radio network User plane
and core network Control Plane

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 Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture - Subsystems
• The EPS architecture goal is to optimize the system for packet data transfer.
• There are no circuit switched components. The EPS architecture is made up of:
– EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE
– eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE
EPS Architecture
LTE or eUTRAN SAE or EPC
• EPC provides access to
external packet IP networks
and performs a number of CN
related functions (e.g. QoS,
security, mobility and terminal
context management) for idle
and active terminals
• eUTRAN performs all radio
interface related functions

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 LTE/SAE Network Elements

Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
HSS
eNB Mobility
Management
Entity Policy &
S6a Charging Rule
MME S10 Function
X2
ME S7 Rx+
-M PCRF
S1
S11
S1-U S5/S8 SGi
PDN
LTE-Uu Serving PDN
Evolved Node B
Gateway Gateway
LTE-UE (eNB)
SAE
Gateway

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 Module Contents
• LTE Requirements
• LTE Key Features
• LTE Standardization
• LTE Architecture
• Evolved NB functionalities
• EUTRAN Interfaces
• LTE Terminals
•LTE Advanced

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 Evolved Node B (eNB)
eNB Functions
• Only network element defined as
Inter-cell RRM: HO, load balancing between cells
part of eUTRAN.
Radio Bearer Control: setup , modifications and
release of Radio Resources
• Replaces the old Node B / RNC
combination from 3G.
Connection Mgt. Control: UE State Management,
MME-UE Connection • Terminates the complete radio
Radio Admission Control interface including physical layer.
eNode B Meas. collection and evaluation • Provides all radio management
Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler)
functions
• To enable efficient inter-cell radio
IP Header Compression/ de-compression
management for cells not attached to
Access Layer Security: ciphering and integrity
protection on the radio interface
the same eNB, there is a inter-eNB
interface X2 specified. It will allow to
MME Selection at Attach of the UE
coordinate inter-eNB handovers
User Data Routing to the SAE GW without direct involvement of EPC
Transmission of Paging Msg coming from MME during this process.
Transmission of Broadcast Info (e.g. System info,
MBMS)
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 Module Contents
• LTE Requirements
• LTE Key Features
• LTE Standardization
• LTE Architecture
• Evolved NB functionalities
• EUTRAN Interfaces
• LTE Terminals
•LTE Advanced

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 LTE Radio Interface & the X2 Interface LTE-Uu interface
• Air interface of LTE
(E)-RRC User PDUs .. User PDUs
• Based on OFDMA in DL & SC-FDMA in UL
PDCP
• FDD & TDD duplex methods
RLC TS 36.300
MAC
• Scalable bandwidth: 1.4MHz - 20 MHz
LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA) eNB
X2 interface
LTE-Uu • Inter eNB interface
X2-UP • X2AP: special signaling protocol (Application
X2-CP (User Plane) Part)
(Control Plane) User PDUs • Functionalities:
TS 36.423 X2-AP GTP-U – In inter- eNB HO to facilitate Handover and
X2 provide data forwarding.
SCTP UDP TS 36.424
TS 36.422 IP IP – In RRM to provide e.g. load information to
TS 36.421 L1/L2 L1/L2 neighbouring eNBs to facilitate interference
TS 36.421
management.
– Logical interface: doesn’t need direct site-to-
TS 36.420 site connection, i.e. can be routed via CN as
well
eNB
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 S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces
S1 interface is divided into two parts: S1-MME
S1-MME interface (Control Plane)
NAS Protocols
• Control Plane interface between eNB & MME TS 36.413 S1-AP MME
• S1AP:S1 Application Protocol TS 36.412 SCTP
IP
• MME & UE will exchange NAS signaling via eNB
L1/L2 TS 36.411
through this interface ( i.e. authentication, tracking
S1-U
area updates)
(User Plane)
• S1 Flex: an eNB is allowed to connect to a User PDUs

maximum of 16 MME. (LTE2, RL20) eNB GTP-U Serving

TS 36.414 UDP Gateway
S1-U interface IP
• User plane interface between eNB & Serving TS 36.411 L1/L2
Gateway.
• Pure user data interface (U=User plane) TS 36.410

LTE4: Multi-Operator Core Network (MO-CN): An eNB can be connected simultaneously to the different
Evolved Packet Cores (EPCs) of different operators, and shared by them.

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 Module Contents
• LTE Requirements
• LTE Key Features
• LTE Standardization
• LTE Architecture
• Evolved NB functionalities
• EUTRAN Interfaces
• LTE Terminals
•LTE Advanced

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 LTE UE Categories Power Tx Power Tolerance
Class (dBm) (dB)
1 [+30]
• All categories support 20 MHz
2 [+27]
• 64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink 3 +23 +/-2 dB
(except Class 5 & 8) 4 [+21]
• 2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
  Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7 Class 8

peakrate DL/UL 10/5 Mbps 50/25 Mbps 100/50 Mbps 150/50 Mbps 299/75 Mbps 301/50 Mbps 301/102 Mbps 3000/1500 Mbps

RF bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4 2x2 or 4x4 2x2 or 4x4 8x8

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 LTE: What is new?

- new radio transmission schemes: • new network architecture:

• OFDMA in DL – More functionality in the base
station (eNodeB)
• SC-FDMA in UL
– Focus on PS domain
• MIMO Multiple Antenna Technology – Flat architecture (2-nodes)
– All-IP
- New radio protocol architecture:
• Complexity reduction • Important for Radio Planning
• Focus on shared channel operation, – Frequency Reuse 1
no dedicated channels anymore ▪ No need for Frequency Planning
– No need to define neighbour lists
in LTE

33 RA41202EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

 Module Contents

• LTE Requirements
• LTE Key Features
• LTE Standardization
• LTE Architecture
• Evolved NB functionalities
• EUTRAN Interfaces
•LTE Advanced

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 LTE becomes LTE-Advanced with 3GPP Rel 10
LTE-Advanced Goals
Meet and exceed capabilities requested for
LTE-A fulfills or exceeds the requirements IMT-Advanced
of
IMT-Advanced defined by ITU Meet 3GPP operators’ requirements for LTE
evolution
Mobility Enhance macro network performance

Enable efficient use of small cells

More Bandwidth available

Able to achieve higher data rates ( up to 1

Gbps in downlink for stationary users)

Enhance the coverage by increasing data rates

Data rates on the cell edge

Backward compatibility

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 System Performance Requirements
• Peak data rate
- 1 Gbps data rate will be achieved by 4-by-4 MIMO and transmission
bandwidth wider than approximately 70 MHz
• Peak spectrum efficiency
- DL: Rel. 8 LTE satisfies IMT-Advanced requirement
- UL: Need to double from Release 8 to satisfy IMT-Advanced requirement

Rel. 8 LTE LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced

DL 300 Mbps 1 Gbps
Peak data rate 1 Gbps(*)
UL 75 Mbps 500 Mbps
Peak spectrum efficiency [bps/Hz] DL 15 30 15
UL 3.75 15 6.75

*“100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility

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 System Performance Requirements (Cont’d)
Capacity and cell-edge user throughput
• Target for LTE-Advanced was set considering gain of 1.4 to 1.6 from Release 8
LTE performance
Ant. Config. Rel. 8 LTE*1 LTE-Advanced*2 IMT-Advanced*3
Capacity DL 2-by-2 1.69 2.4 –
[bps/Hz/cell]
4-by-2 1.87 2.6 2.2
4-by-4 2.67 3.7 –
UL 1-by-2 0.74 x1.4-1.6 1.2 –
2-by-4 – 2.0 1.4

Cell-edge user DL 2-by-2 0.05 0.07 –

throughput
[bps/Hz/cell/user] 4-by-2 0.06 0.09 0.06
4-by-4 0.08 0.12 –
UL 1-by-2 0.024 0.04 –
2-by-4 – 0.07 0.03

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 Technology Evolution Enables LTE-Advanced

Baseband
More spectrum processing
Multiband UE
capability
and BTS
capability
Carrier aggregation Multiple power
amplifiers in UE
MIMO enhancements
4-8 antennas in
UE CoMP
Multi-antenna
Heterogeneous networks BTS site
Optical transport
availability Relays
Low cost small
LTE-A BTS

• LTE-Advanced benefits from technology evolution in baseband and

RF area, availability of new spectrum and optical fiber transport

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 LTE-Advanced: First features standardized in 3GPP Release10

Key aspects in
3GPP Rel.10 Carrier Aggregation • Carrier Bandwidth extension by carrier aggregation
….. • Downlink: Up to 100 MHz bandwidth with 2 Release 8 carriers from
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n different frequency bands

8x MIMO 4x • Uplink: Only single band carrier aggregation

• New codebook for downlink (DL) 8TX MIMO
• Feedback enhancements for DL 2TX/4TX Multiuser MIMO
Coordinated Multipoint
• 2TX/4TX Uplink Single/Multiuser MIMO
• Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP), also
known as cooperative system
Relaying • Receiving transmission from multiple sectors
(not necessary visible for UE)
• Single Relay Node architecture based on self-backhauling eNB

Heterogeneous • Simple intercell interference coordination in time domain

networks • Enhancements for office Femto handovers

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 Bandwidth Extension by Carrier Aggregation

Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation

3GPP Rel.10 …..  up to 100 MHz
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n
 Flexible component carrier aggregation
8x MIMO 4x  different frequency bands
Component Carrier
 asymmetric in UL/DL (LTE rel. 8 Carrier)
Mobility
Coordinated Multipoint 20 MHz 10 MHz

Aggregated BW: 30MHz

20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz
Relaying in JuneAggregated
2009 BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz

300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps

Heterogeneous
networks
1.5Gbps

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 Carrier Aggregation (CA)
- High peak data rate of 1 Gbps in downlink and 500 Mbps in uplink can be achieved with
bandwidth extension from 20 MHz up to 100 MHz.
- Backwards compatibility to Release 8 by combining N Release 8 component carriers to N x
LTE bandwidth, for example 5 x 20 MHz = 100 MHz
- Old LTE terminals use one carrier, new ones all N

LTE-Advanced maximum bandwidth

Both contiguous and
non-contiguous CA is
Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW Rel’8 BW
supported offering
improved spectrum
Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 4 Carrier 5
flexibility (e.g. for
refarming).
CA also offers opportunities
for autonomous interference
management schemes –
especially relevant for
heterogeneous networks.

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 Carrier Aggregation (CA) – RL50 LTE 1089

UL
B R,
-G
n on R
L B
R , D on-G
L GB L n
CA capable UE D D

Carrier 1

Carrier 2

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 Carrier Aggregation (CA) – RL50 LTE 1089
RF details – valid for RL50
• Cells for which aggregation of carriers is performed should be co-located and belong to the same eNB (the
same system module)
• Following band combinations (inter-band combinations only) are supported by RL50 LTE1089:
Carrier 1 Carrier 2
Band 1 (2100) Band 5 (850)
Band 1 (2100) Band 8 (900)
Band 3 (1800) Band 5 (850)
Band 3 (1800) Band 8 (900)
Band 5 (850) Band 12 (US 700)
Band 1 (2100) Band 18 (800 Lower)

For all band combinations following bandwidth pairs are supported in RL50:
• 5 MHz + 5 MHz (FSME/FSMF),
• 5 MHz + 10 MHz (FSMF),
• 10 MHz + 10 MHz (FSME/FSMF).

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 Carrier Aggregation (CA) – RL60 LTE 1332

RL60 embodiment of Carrier Aggregation functionality

• Primary improvements coming with RL60 LTE1332 feature:
• Additional cell bandwidth combinations are • Support for additional band
supported on top of RL50 band combinations: combinations is provided:
  5 MHz + 15 MHz band 1 + band 7 band 4 + band 17
20 band 2 + band 4 band 5 + band 7 2.6 G
  5 MHz + 20 MHz
10 MHz + 15 MHz
MHz band 2 + band 5 band 7 + band 20
band 2 + band 17B and 4 + band 12

Hz
10 MHz + 20 MHz
20 band 3 + band 3 band 3 + band 28

M
15 MHz + 15 MHz
band 3 + band 7 band 4 + band 7 1.8 G

40
15 MHz + 20 MHz MHz
20 MHz + 20 MHz band 3 + band 20band 7 + band 7
band 4 + band 4
Note that RL60 provides also
RL60 extends maximum possible support for certain intra-band
aggregated bandwidth from 20 MHz carrier aggregation options – this
(RL50 LTE 1089) to 40 MHz support was not in place in RL50

44 RA41202EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

 Carrier Aggregation (CA) – RL60 LTE 1332
RL60 embodiment of Carrier Aggregation functionality

• Following additional improvements to RL50 CA functionality are available in

RL60 LTE1332:
improvements and extensions enhancements of CA interworking with
related to CA feature as such other features and functionalities

• refinement of handling of the scheduling • improved cooperation between Carrier

fairness factor, Aggregation and DRX functionality,
• refinements in RRM algorithms covering • support of simultaneous activation of CA and
handling of transient periods during SCell following features:
• LTE72 (4-RX diversity),
addition and release,
• LTE568 (DL CL MIMO 4x2),
• improved handling of SCell • LTE980 (IRC for 4 RX paths),
lock/shutdown/outage • LTE1542 (FDD Supercell)
• support for 3GPP rel. 10 extensions of • improved handling of measurement gaps
PUCCH UL PC algorithm, needed for certain mobility management
• handling of so called delayed SCell activation, algorithms in the context of CA.

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 Carrier Aggregation (CA) – RL45 LTE 1558

PRIMARY CELL

SECONDARY CELL
L
R,U
GB
o n- BR
L n -G
R , D non
CA capable UE GB DL
DL

Carrier 1

Carrier 2

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 Carrier Aggregation (CA) – RL45 LTE 1558

• Aggregation of carriers can be performed only for the same bands (intra-band Carrier Aggregation)
• Only 20 MHz channel bandwidth combination are supported for contiguous and non-contiguous
deployments
• All TDD Frame configurations and Special Subframe Formats supported in RL45TD are also supported
by LTE1558:
• TDD Frame configurations 1 and 2
• Special Subframe Formats 5 and 7
Normal CP (DL and UL) Extended CP (DL and UL)
Format
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
Subframe number
DL/UL 0 3 10 3 8
Carrier 1 Carrier 2 1 9 4 8 3
config 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Band 38 Band 38
2600 MHz
. NOT SUPPORTED 2 NOT
10 3SUPPORTED
1 9 2
3 11 2 10 1
Band 40 Band 40 2300 MHz 0 D S U U U D S U U U
4 12 1 3 7
1 D S U U D D S U U D
Band 41 Band 41 2500 MHz
5 3 9 8 2 2
2 D S U D D D S U D D 6 9 3 9 1
3 D NOT
S U SUPPORTED
U U D D D D D 7 10 2
2
- - -
4 D S U U D D D D D D 8 11 1 - - -
5 D S U D D D D D D D
6 D S U U U D S U U D

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 MIMO Extension

Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation

3GPP Rel.10
…..
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n

8x MIMO 4x

Coordinated Multipoint

Relaying

Heterogeneous
networks

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 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)

Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation

3GPP Rel.10
…..
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n

8x MIMO 4x

Coordinated Multipoint
 Cooperation of antennas of
multiple sectors / sites
 Interference free
Relaying by coordinated
transmission /
reception
Heterogeneous  Highest
networks performanceService Area
potential

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 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)- LTE1402

• Receive UEs uplink signal by more than one cell

• Intra eNB CoMP: cells involved in reception of the UE belong to the same eNB (cells are
colocated)
• LTE1402: UL inter-cell intra eNB reception + Interference Rejection Combining (IRC)
• UL SINR enhancement allows for increased UL throughput on average and cell edge. Gains depend on
load and interference conditions in the network
• Macro deployment: 8% average*
• Hotspot deployment: 12% average*
• In LTE1402 up to 2 cells can be selected for UL reception from so called CoMP sets containing up to 3
cells
• Cell selection is performed per TTI based on instantaneous SINR measurements
• CoMP reception can only be done for PUSCH. Other UL physical channels are received by serving cell
antennas.
• Cells involved in LTE1402 CoMP sets can only have 2 RX antennas
• In LTE1402 Interference Rejection Combining (IRC) algorithm is used for UL reception
• FDD: using 1 cell: LTE979 “IRC for 2 RX paths”; using 2 cells: LTE980 “IRC for 4 RX paths” **
• TDD: using 1cell: LTE936 “UL IRC Receiver”; using 2 cells: Enhanced IRC**

• LTE1402 is transparent to UEs. All 3GPP Rel. 8 compliant UEs will benefit from this feature.
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 Relaying

Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation

3GPP Rel.10
…..
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n

8x MIMO 4x
 Fast deployment
 Coverage with low
Coordinated Multipoint infrastructure costs

Relaying

Heterogeneous
networks

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 Heterogeneous Network

Key aspects inCarrier Aggregation

3GPP Rel.10 …..
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n

8x MIMO 4x

Coordinated Multipoint Heterogeneous Networks – The

Combined Benefit of Wide & Local Area

Wide Area sites

Relaying Medium
area sites
Medium
area sites

Local Local Local Local Local

area area area area area

Heterogeneous WLAN WLAN

networks
WLAN
WLAN
WLAN

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 Heterogeneous Networks – The Combined Benefit of Wide & Local Area

Majority of cell sites today

Wide Area sites • > 300 m Macro
• > 5 W output power

Medium area Medium area Share of sites growing

sites sites • 100 – 300 m Micro
• 1–5W
Local Local Local Local Local Share will grow in future
area area area area area • 10 – 100 m,
• < 500 mW Pico, Femto
License exempt growing & Secondary
WLAN WLAN services emerging
• 10-100 m
Access
• < 100 mW
WLAN Points
WLAN
WLAN

Benefits of Multi-Layer Deployment Tradeoffs involved with Multi-Layer

• Coverage improvement from local area cells in edge or • Co-channel deployment needs no additional
shadowed regions spectrum but creates interference between the
• Capacity increase from more transmission points in a layers and within the same layer >> this
given area interference needs to be controlled for QoS
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 Why small cells?

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 Focus on LTE Small Cells

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 The evolving role of Small Cells

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 Capacity enhancement

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 Factors impacting operator small cell deployment timing

Limited spectrum
availability

Network is full Limitations on macro site

availability & enhancements

Strong data traffic growth Small cell No refarming options

deployment
urgency
High urban density & LTE launch not feasible
complexity

Technology maturity

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 When might a new macro site not be feasible?

• No space for new macro site BTS or • Cellular tower or pole is not • Macro sites cells capacity is not
antennas. accepted by authority community enough
• New macro site permits not granted • New macro site is overkill • More and smaller capacity cells
or site lease is very expensive need to be added
• Site is too far from optimal location

• Safety regulations limit the • Smaller cell and low transmit power • New macro site is overkill (cost,
transmitted power at street level is optimized for e.g. indoor usage, capacity, size) for coverage fix or
tunnels and parking lots extension

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 Small cell site examples

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 Small Cell types & Small Cell scenarios

Indoor: 10-100mW Home Office Airport

Outdoor: 0.2-1W
Femto
Coverage radius: 10s of meters
Indoor: 20-100mW
Outdoor: 0.2-1W WiFi
Coverage radius: 10s of meters
Shopping Center City Walk Stadium
Indoor: >10W
Outdoor: >10W DAS
Indoor: 100-250mW
Outdoor: 1-5W
Pico
Coverage radius:10s of meters
City center Suburban Rural Village
Outdoor: 5-10W
Coverage radius:100s of meters Micro

Outdoor: >10W
Coverage radius: kilometer(s) Macro

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 Micro Base Stations

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 Pico Base Stations

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 Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)

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 DAS Examples

Distributed BTS Multi Operator – Outdoor DAS for

Multi Technology DAS Stadium

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 Operator WiFi

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 Femtocells

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 Architecture

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 Architecture

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 Architecture

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 LTE-A Improving the Radio Performance

Peak rate Average rate Cell edge rate Coverage

(capacity) (interference) (noise limited)

Carrier aggregation ++ + ++ +
MIMO enhancements ++ ++ ++ o
(o) (+) (+)
CoMP o + + ++
Heterogeneous o ++ ++ +
networks
Relays o o + ++
= clear gain = moderate gain

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