Class
Sec - A
X
Physics Art Integrated
Project
NATURAL
By –
PHENOMENON
Gourab Bagh, Roll - 19
Omkar Sarangi, Roll – 24
Sailesh Kumar Sahoo, Roll - 30
Sneha Sibangi, Roll – 33
Twinkling of Stars 2
The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric
refraction of starlight. The starlight, on entering the Atmospheric Refraction
earth’s atmosphere, undergoes refraction It is the
continuously before it reaches the earth. The
atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of
phenomenon of
gradually changing refractive index. Since the bending of light on
atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the passing through
apparent position of the star is slightly different from earth’s atmosphere
its actual position. The star appears slightly higher
(above) than its actual position when viewed near The twinkling of
the horizon Since the stars are very distant, they stars is a similar
approximate point-sized sources of light. As the path phenomenon on a
of rays of light coming from the star goes on varying
slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates
much larger scale.
and the amount of starlight entering eye flickers -the
star sometimes appear brighter and sometimes
fainter ,which is twinkling effect
RAINBOW How is it formed ? 3
A rainbow is a meteorological At times followed by precipitation, the atmosphere becomes humid
containing a lot of water droplets. The sunlight shines on a water droplet.
phenomenon that is caused by reflection, As the light passes into the droplet, the light bends, or refracts, a little,
refraction and dispersion of light in water because light travels slower in water than in air (because water is denser).
Then the light bounces off the back of the water droplet and goes back the
droplets resulting in a spectrum of light way it came, bending again as it speeds up when it exits the water droplet.
appearing in the sky. It takes the form of
Sunlight is made up of many wavelengths—or colors—of light. Some of
a multicolored circular arc. Rainbows those wavelengths get bent more than others when the light enters the
caused by sunlight always appear in the water droplet. Violet (the shortest wavelength of visible light) bends the
most, red (the longest wavelength of visible light) bends the least. So when
section of sky directly opposite the Sun. the light exits the water droplet, it is separated into all its wavelengths.
Here’s something you might not have noticed before- though the rainbow
seems to an arc of colorful lights, a full rainbow is actually a complete
circle. We see only a part of it from ground. From an airplane, in the right
conditions, one can see an entire circular rainbow.
LIGHTNING HOW DOES IT WORKS? 4
During a storm, colliding particles of rain, ice, or snow
inside storm clouds increase the imbalance between
» Lightning is an electrical discharge storm clouds and the ground, and often negatively
caused by imbalances between charge the lower reaches of storm clouds. Objects on
storm clouds and the ground, or the ground, like steeples, trees, and the Earth itself,
within the clouds themselves. Most become positively charged—creating an imbalance
lightning occurs within the clouds. that nature seeks to remedy by passing current
between the two charges.
» Cloud-to-ground lightning bolts are But we know that air is a poor conductor of
a common phenomenon—about electricity, how does then lightning occur in the
100 strike Earth’s surface every atmosphere? As the electrical potential
single second—yet their power is difference(voltage) between the ground and clouds
extraordinary. Each bolt can becomes too high electrical conduction occurs even
contain up to one billion volts of through air.
electricity.
5
“
FEATURES OF LIGHTNING IMPACT OF A
LIGHTNING STRIKE
Lightning's extreme heat will vaporize the water
» Lightning is extremely hot—a inside a tree, creating steam that may blow the tree
flash can heat the air around it apart. Cars are havens from lightning—but not since
most believe. Tires conduct current, as do metal
to temperatures five times frames that carry a charge harmlessly to the ground.
hotter than the sun’s surface. A lightning conductor is a device used to protect
buildings from the damaging effect of the lightning. It
» This heat causes surrounding works on the principle of induction, such that when a
charged cloud passes by the building, the conductor
air to rapidly expand and gets opposite charge to that of the cloud through the
vibrate, which creates the process of induction. It’s a common safety equipment
used in houses and buildings to prevent heavy
pealing thunder we hear a damage due to electric lightning.
short time after seeing a
lightning flash.
6
SCATTERING OF LIGHT TYNDALL EFFECT
It is the phenomena of change in When a beam of light strikes such fine
direction of light on striking an particles, the path of the beam becomes
obstacle like an atom, a molecule, a visible. The light reaches us, after being
reflected diffusely by these particles. The
dust particle, water droplets etc. phenomenon of scattering of light by the
colloidal particles gives rise to Tyndall effect.
This phenomenon is seen when a fine beam
of sunlight enters a smoke-filled room through
a small hole. Thus, scattering of light makes
the particles visible. Tyndall effect can also be
observed when sunlight passes through a
canopy of a dense forest.
THANK YOU
WE, AS A GROUP, WOULD LIKE TO THANK OUR PHYSICS AND ART
TEACHER JIO KUKU MA’AM AND SANGITA MA’AM FOR BEING KIND
ENOUGH TO GIVE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO US
WE ARE GRATEFUL THAT OUR RESPECTIVE TEACHERS
SPOTTED OUR POTENTIAL AND WERE ABLE TO GIVE US
THIS CHANCE TO PROVE OURSELVES.
Sources – Internet, Science
NCERT Book, Science Book by S
Chand PROJECT
By –
Gourab Bagh, Roll - 19
Omkar Sarangi, Roll – 24
Sailesh Kumar Sahoo, Roll - 30
Sneha Sibangi, Roll – 33
