Scribd
Upload
68 views

Bond Length

Bond length refers to the average distance between two bonded atoms. It depends on the atoms involved and type of bond formed. Longer bond lengths indicate weaker bond strengths. Covalent bonds between identical atoms like H2, O2, and N2 involve equal electron sharing, forming nonpolar molecules. In HCl, chlorine's higher electronegativity leads to unequal electron sharing and a polar covalent bond with partial charges. The bond's electric dipole moment quantifies this polarity.

Uploaded by

Miteigi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
68 views

Bond Length

Bond length refers to the average distance between two bonded atoms. It depends on the atoms involved and type of bond formed. Longer bond lengths indicate weaker bond strengths. Covalent bonds between identical atoms like H2, O2, and N2 involve equal electron sharing, forming nonpolar molecules. In HCl, chlorine's higher electronegativity leads to unequal electron sharing and a polar covalent bond with partial charges. The bond's electric dipole moment quantifies this polarity.

Uploaded by

Miteigi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Bond Length

Bond Length
● It refers to the average length between two specific atoms in
covalent bond.
● It is dependent on the nature of the atoms involved in the bond as
well as in the type of bond that is formed.
● As the bond length increases, the bond strength weakens.
● We use picometer(pm) in measuring the bond length
● Take note that not all elements follows the octet rule.
● H and He are exemptions and follow the duet rule.
● For example, H atom only have 1 valence electron that occupies the only
orbital at the main energy level.

● Therefore, H atom only needs 1 more valence electron to be stable.


● Knowing the electron structure of the H atom and how it reacts with other
nonmetals because H is a common component among covalent compounds.
● Example of these compounds are water(H2O), and methane(CH4)
● An example of covalent bonding that follows both duet and octet
rule is the formation of hydrogen chloride(HCl).
● H has an electron configuration of 1s2 while Cl has an electron
configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p5
● You would notice that H now have two valence electrons while Cl
have 8 which makes both of them, stable.
● There are some diatomic molecules such as H2, O2, and N2, are made up of

the same atoms in a covalent bond.


● What makes non metal share rather than transfer electrons to fulfill the
octet rule?
● Remember that the higher the electronegativity of the atom, the higher is its
power to attract electrons toward itself.
● In the case of H2, O2, and N2 molecules,there’s an equal sharing of electrons
because the bonded atoms are of the same kind.
● Therefore, they have the same value.
● The bond that exist between these atoms is called nonpolar covalent bond,
and the molecule they form is called nonpolar molecule.
Other examples of nonpolar molecules are:

● Carbon dioxide(CO2)

● Benzene(C6H6)

● Carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)

● Methane(CH4)

● Ethylene(C2H4)
● On the other hand, the covalent bond in HCl involves different atoms. You
can get the electronegativity values of elements in the periodic table.
● H has an electronegativity value of 2.1 eV while Cl have 3.0
● The degree of polarity in a chemical bond is dependent on the
electronegativity difference.
● Therefore, the degree of polarity in HCl is 0.9 and may be considered a polar
bond according to the table.
● In other words, chlorine has more power to attract the shared electrons
toward it forming a polar covalent bond.
● A further investigation on HCl reveals that the unequal sharing of electrons result in an
unequal electron cloud.
● The picture shows that the electron cloud of Cl is larger than the electron cloud of H.

● The unequal sharing also forms the partial positive(δ+) and partial negative(δ-) charges in
the molecule. The magnitude separation between the charges is expressed as electric
dipole moment(μ)
● The non-SI metric unit used to express the electric dipole moment as debye(D), where
1D= 3.34 x 10-30 C /m.
● The electric dipole moment can be calculated using the equation: “μ = qr” where
the distance(length of the chemical bond) and q is the magnitude of the charge.
● It could also be used to calculate the percent(%) ionic character, which is given by:

“%ionic character = measured dipole moment of bond ÷ dipole moment if


electrons are completely transferred”

● In this case, the partial positive is the H atom because the shared electrons are
being pulled away from it due to its lower electronegativity.
● On the other hand, the Cl atom is the partial negative becathe shared electrons
are residing more units side due to higher electronegativity.
● The result is a dipole moment which is directed towards the Cl atom.

You might also like