HIGH PERFORMENCE CONCRETE

&
HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

SUBMITTED BY:
AJITHLAL BS
ROLL.NO:11
S6-CE
KGPTC WEST HILL
 1.HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE


High strength concrete is generally defined as concrete that has a
specified average compressive strength of 6,000 psi or
more.Proportioning of mixtures becomes much more. Critical with
high strength concrete.To successfully proportion high strength
mixtures carefully selected cement, mineral admixtures, chemical
admixtures, aggregates,and low water-to-cementitious ratios are
employed.
INGREDIENT SELECTION:


Portland cement:
Most important steps in the ingredient selection process is the type and source of
cement. There are more variations in the chemical composition and physical
properties of cement sources than any other material used. Producers must
determine through acceptance testing both the best performing cement and the
optimum cement content. For any given mix design there is an optimum cement
content where increasing the cement produces little or no improvement in strength.
1.Flyash:

Flyash is highly recommended in high
strength FLYASH Recommended
replacement

concrete to achieve fuller hydration (percent by weight)
rates and higher ultimate strengths.
Class F 15 to 25

These products help control Class C 20 to 35
temperature rise, lower water demand,
and improve workability. However, high Source: ACI 211.4R-
early strengths may be decreased. 93
 An ideal flyash would meet the
requirements of ASTM C 618 Class C
or F, have a maximum loss on ignition
of 3.0%, and a high fineness gradation.
 Coarse Aggregate:
High strength concrete usually incorporates Suggested Maximum Top Size
normal weight aggregate and special Coarse Aggregate:
attention should be taken when
proportioning and choosing the coarse Required concrete Suggested
strength, psi maximum top
aggregate. The aggregate needs to be size coarse
free of surface coatings such as dust, be aggregate, in.
sufficiently hard, free of fissures, and have
< 9,000 3/4 to 1
an optimized gradation. Sometimes it may
be necessary to blend two coarse > 9,000 3/8 to 1/2
aggregates to adequately optimize the
gradation. Smaller top size aggregates
have been documented to produce higher
strengths.
●Fine Aggregate: Chemical Admixtures:
The shape of the particles and the gradation In high strength concrete production,
of chemical
the sand are important in the design of high admixtures are essential to reduce water
strength concrete. The fine aggregate volume requirement (by up to 40%) rather than
should be reduced to the minimum necessary increase
to produce adequate workability, since the total cementitious and to achieve workable
volume Slumps.
of fines from cementitious is so high.
Fineness The use of admixtures will:
modulus between 2.5 and 3.2 are desirable
for • Improve and control rate of set
high strength mixtures. If fineness modulus is • Control slump loss
less than 2.5, the concrete may be have a • Accelerate strength gain
higher • Improve durability and workability
water demand and finishability may be sticky.
 W/CEMENTITIOUS RATIO:
The water-cementitious ratio is the single most important variable in the production of
high strength concrete. Water content in the high-range water reducer and the mid-
range water reducer should be considered part of the w/c + p ratio.
 2.HIGH PERFORMENCE CONCRETE
One major remarkable quality in the making of High performance concrete (HPC) is the
virtual elimination of voids in the concrete matrix, which are mainly the cause of most
of the ills that generate deterioration. ACI defines HPC as Concrete meeting special
combinations of performance and uniformity requirements that cannot always be
achieved routinely using conventional constituents and normal mixing,placing and
curing practices.
Important governing factors for HPCs are strength, long term durability, serviceability as
determined by crack and deflection control, as well as response to long term
environmental effects.
High performance concretes(HPC) are concretes with properties or attributes which
satisfy the performance criteria. Generally, concretes with higher strengths and
attributes superior to Conventional concretes are desirable in the Construction
Industry. HPC is defined in terms of Strength and Durability.
Therefore HPC can be considered as a logical development of cement concretes in
which the ingredients are proportioned and selected to contribute efficiently to the
various properties of cement concrete in fresh as well as in hardened states.
Salient Features of HPC

Compressive strength > 80 Mpa ,even upto 800 Mpa
 Water-binder ratio =0.25-0.35 ,therefore very little free water

Reduced flocculation of cement grains

Wide range of grain sizes

Densified cement paste
 No bleeding homogeneous mix
 Less capillary porosity

Discontinuous pores
 Stronger transition zone at the interface between cement paste and aggregate
 Low free lime content

Endogenous shrinkage

Powerful confinement of aggregates

Little micro-cracking until about 65-70% of f ck

Smooth fracture surface
COMPOSITION OF HPC

The ingredients of HPCs are almost same as those of Conventional Cement

Concretes( CCC ). But, because of lower Water Cement Ratio, presence of
Pozzolans and chemical admixtures etc., the HPCs usually have many features
which distinguish them from CCCs.
From practical considerations, in concrete constructions, apart from the final strength,
the rate of development of strength is also very important.
The High performance concrete usually contains both pozzolanic and chemical
admixtures. Hence, the rate of hydration of cement and the rate of strength
development in HPC is quite different from that of conventional cement
concrete(CCC).
The proportioning(or mix design) of normal strength concretes is based primarily on the
w/c ratio ‘law’ first proposed by Abrams in 1918.For high strength concretes, however,
all the components of the concrete mixture are pushed to their limits. Therefore, it is
necessary to pay careful attention to all aspects of concrete production, i.e., selection
of materials, mix design, handling and placing.
TYPES OF SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIALS :

The most commonly used supplementing cementitious materials/mineral admixturesfor

achieving HPC are :
 1. Silica Fume

2. Fly Ash

3. GGBFS(Ground granulated blast furnace slag)
1.Silica Fume:
Silica fume is a waste by-product of the production of silicon and silicon alloys. Silica
fume is available in different forms, of which the most commonly used now is in a
densified form. In developed countries it is already available readily blended with
cement. It is possible to make high strength concrete without silica fume, at
compressive strength of upto 98 Mpa. Beyond that strength level however, silica
fume becomes essential. With silica fume it is easier to make HPC for strengths
between 63-98 Mpa.
2.Fly Ash:
Fly Ash of course, been used extensively in concrete for many years. Fly ash is ,
unfortunately, much more variable than silica fumes in both their physical and
chemical characteristics. Most fly ashes will result in strengths of not more than 70
Mpa. Therefore for higher strengths, silica fume must be used in conjunction with fly
ash. For high strength concrete, fly ash is used at dosage rates of about 15 % of
cement content.

3.GGBFS:
Slags are suitable for use in high strength concrete at dosage rates between 15-30
%.However, for very high strengths, in excess of 98Mpa, it is necessary to use the
slag in conjunction with silica fumes.
ADVANTAGES OF USING HPC :
1.Reduction in member size, resulting in increase in plinth area/useable area and direct
savings in the concrete volume saved.
2.Reduction in the self-weight and super-imposed DL with the accompanying saving due
to smaller foundations.
3.Reduction in form-work area and cost with the accompanying reduction in shoring and
stripping time due to high early-age gain in strength.
4.Construction of High –rise buildings with the accompanying savings in real- estate
costs in congested areas.
5.Longer spans and fewer beams for the same magnitude of loading.
6.Reduced axial shortening of compression supporting members.
7.Reduction in the number of supports and the supporting foundations due to the
increase in spans.
8.Reduction in the thickness of floor slabs and supporting beam sections- which are a
major component of the weight and cost of the majority of structures.
9.Superior longterm service performance under static, dynamic and fatigue loading.
10.Low creep and shrinkage.
11.Greater stiffness as aresult of a higher modulus,Ec
12.Higher resistance to freezing and thawing, chemical attack, and significantly
improved long-term durability and crack propagation.
13.Reduced maintenance and repairs.
14.Smaller depreciation as a fixed cost.