Scribd
Upload
48 views20 pages

Path Loss: Sevan Siyyah Abdullah

This document discusses path loss models for radio wave propagation. It begins by covering basic propagation theory and mechanisms like reflection, diffraction, and scattering. It then categorizes path loss models into theoretical deterministic models, statistical stochastic models, and empirical models. Examples of empirical models discussed include Okumura, Hata, Stanford University Interim, and ECC-33 models. These empirical models are dependent on factors like location, frequency, and clutter type. The document provides the equations and parameters for several empirical models commonly used to predict path loss in mobile communication systems.

Uploaded by

nina mima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views20 pages

Path Loss: Sevan Siyyah Abdullah

This document discusses path loss models for radio wave propagation. It begins by covering basic propagation theory and mechanisms like reflection, diffraction, and scattering. It then categorizes path loss models into theoretical deterministic models, statistical stochastic models, and empirical models. Examples of empirical models discussed include Okumura, Hata, Stanford University Interim, and ECC-33 models. These empirical models are dependent on factors like location, frequency, and clutter type. The document provides the equations and parameters for several empirical models commonly used to predict path loss in mobile communication systems.

Uploaded by

nina mima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Radio Wave & Propagation

Path Loss Models

Sevan Siyyah Abdullah


Department of Physics // College of Education Shaqlawa
Evaluation for suitable propagation
model to mobile Communications in
Suburban-terrain
Outline
 Basic Propagation Theory
 LOS and NLOS
 Radio Wave Propagation Mechanisms
 Types of Path Loss Models
 Atmospheric Effects on Radio Wave
Propagation
 Theoretical Path Loss Propagation
Models
 Empirical Path Loss Propagation
Models
 Basic Propagation Theory
 In wireless communication systems, transfer of
information between the transmitting antenna and the
receiving antenna is achieved by means of
electromagnetic waves.
 The interaction between the electromagnetic waves and
the environment reduces the signal strength send from
transmitter to receiver, that causes Path-Loss
 Path loss (PL): Path loss arises when an
electromagnetic wave propagates through space from
transmitter to receiver.

 Mathematically, the Path Loss is expressed generally


as:
 The prediction of path loss is a very important
step in planning a mobile radio system
 Accurate prediction methods are needed to
determine the parameters of a radio system which
will provide efficient and reliable coverage of a
specified service area.
 In order to make these predictions one should
understand the factors that influence the signal
strength.

 For instance, the effects of buildings and other


obstacles should be considered in an urban area.
 In rural places, shadowing, scattering and
 The power of signal is reduced due to path distance,
reflection, diffraction, scattering, free-space loss and
absorption by the objects of environment.
 Variations of transmitter and receiver antenna heights
also produce losses.
 It is also influenced by the different environment (i.e.
urban, suburban and rural).
 LOS & NLOS
 The expansion and advancement in technology
promised to provide coverage for longer distances up to
50 kms (31 miles) in mobile communication system.
 There exists a condition where signal transmitted
undergoes multipath fading before attaining the
receiver. This feature is called NLOS.

 Conversely a signal may travel without any obstruction


between the transmitter and receiver. This feature is
called LOS.

 LOS conditions prevail in flat lands such as rural


and open areas.
 Radio Wave Propagation Mechanisms
Generally, radio wave propagation consists of three main
attributes: Scattering

LOS

Reflection Diffraction
 Reflection:
 Occurs when radio wave propagating in one medium impinges
upon another medium with different electromagnetic properties
and its size is much larger than the wavelength of the radio wave.
 The amplitude and phase of the reflected wave are strongly
related to the medium’s intrinsic impedance, incident angle, and
electric field polarization.

 Diffraction:
 is a phenomenon by which propagating radio waves bend or
deviate in the neighborhood of obstacles such as walls, buildings,
mountains, and so on.

 Scattering:
 Occurs when a radio signal hits a rough surface or an object
having a size much smaller than or on the order of the signal
wavelength.
 Types of Path Loss Models

Path
Loss

3. 2. 1.
Empirical Statistical Determinist
Non-time- Time- ic
dispersive dispersive

1- Deterministic Models
 These kinds of models deploy laws of electromagnetic wave
propagation for determination of received signal strength
in a definite region of concern.
 Here actual 3-D designs of buildings or concerned
2- Stochastic Models
 Stochastic models are used in terms of random
variables being deployed for representation of some or
the other factors influencing the behavioral nature of
radio waves in action.

3- Empirical Models
 An empirical model is simply based on observed and
measured data alone.
 It can be further classified in to two sub heads, time-
dispersive and non-time-dispersive.
 The SUI (Stanford University Interim) model is one of the
perfect examples of time-dispersive models.
 The models like COST-231-Hata model, Hata-model and
ITU-R models are examples of non-time dispersive models.
 Radio Propagation Models
Propagation models are basically classified into theoretical
propagation models and empirical models.
Building

Direct
Signal
𝒉𝒃 Reflected Signal
Diffracted Signal
𝒉𝒎

Transmit d Receiver
ter

12
Theoretical Propagation Model
The propagation models are divided into two basic types;
namely:
 Free space propagation model.
 Plane earth propagation model.
(A): Free space Propagation Model
 In free space, the wave is not reflected or absorbed.
 Ideal propagation implies equal radiation in all
directions from the radiating source and propagation to
an infinite distance with no degradation.
 Spreading the power over greater areas causes the
attenuation.
 Equation (1) illustrates 𝑷 how𝒕 the power flux is
𝑷 𝒅= (𝟏 )
calculated 𝟒𝝅 𝒅
𝟐
 Actual power received by the antenna
depends on the following: 𝟐
𝝀
(a)The effective aperture of receiving antenna , 𝑨 𝒆= 𝟒 𝝅
(b)The wavelength of received signal ,
(c)The power flux density at receiving antenna .

𝑷𝒕

h 𝑷 𝒅=
𝑷𝒕
𝟐 𝑷𝒓
𝟒𝝅𝒅
b
hm

Transmit Distance Receiver


 Now the Path Loss in Free-Space is defined as the Ratio
between Transmitted Power to its Received Power:

𝑷𝒕
𝑳 𝑷𝑭 =
𝑷𝒓

LPF (dB)  32.45  20 log10 f c ( MHz )  20 log10 d (km),


Empirical Propagation Models
 There are various empirical prediction models among
them are:
1. Okumura model
2. Yoshihisa Hata model
3. COST231 Extension to Hata Model
4. COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami Model
5. Stanford University Interim (SUI) Model
6. Ericson Model
7. ECC-33 Electronic communication Committee Model
8. CCIR Path Loss Model (Lccir)
9. The Walfisch - Bertoni model
10. Egli Model
These models depend on location, frequency range and
clutter type such as urban, sub-urban and countryside.
1. Okumura Model
One of most widely used models for signal prediction.
2. Operational frequency range from .
3. But it can be extended up to 3000 MHz.
4. Distances range from
5. Antenna height range from .
6. Formula for Okumura Model is expressed as follows:

Where, = median path loss


(d) = free space propagation path loss.
= median attenuation relative to free space
= base station antenna height gain factor
= mobile antenna height gain factor

: gain due to environment


type.
Stanford University Interim Model ( SUI )

Where, distance in Km, and is a log normally distributed factor that is used
to account for the shadow fading owing to trees and other cluter and has a
value between and .

 Where, is the base station height above ground in m, and should be


between .
 The constants used for are given in Table below.
for terrain A and B

for terrain C

𝒙 𝒇 =𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 ( 𝒇
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 )
Ericsson Model

 To predict the path loss, the network planning engineers are used a
software provided by Ericsson company is called Ericsson model.
 This model also stands on the modified Okumura-Hata model to
allow room for changing in parameters according to the
propagation environment.
 Path loss according to this model is given by :
ECC-33 Electronic Communication Committee Model

 This model is developed by Electronic Communication Committee


(ECC)
 Is extrapolated from original measurements by Okumura and modified
its assumptions so that it more closely
𝐏𝐋 represents
( 𝐝𝐁 )= 𝑨a𝒇𝒔fixed
+ 𝑨 𝒇𝒎wireless
−𝐆𝐭 −access
𝐆𝒓
(FWA) system.
 The Path Loss model is defined as:

for medium city

 is frequency in ,
 is base station height in m
 is mobile antenna height in m
 is distance between base station and mobile antenna in Km

You might also like