How does our skin repair itself when How a baby grows into an adult?
there is a wound?
CELL
DIVISION
BIOLOGY CLASS
Nucleosome = DNA wrapped Chromatin
Definition of cell division :
around a set of 8 proteins
A process in which one cell divide itself,
producing 2 new cells (daughter cells).
2 stages of cell division:
• Nuclear division (karyokinesis)
– mitosis and meiosis
• Cytoplasm division (cytokinesis) Chromosome
Chromosome structure
Chromatin Free linear strand
Chromosome A condensed form of chromatin
Chromatid Each strands of duplicated chromosome
Sister chromatids 2 chromatids, both strands of duplicated
chromosome
Chromatid
Double stranded A duplicated chromosome (undergo
chromosome replication)
Sister chromatid
Homologous Pair of chromosome having same size, same
chromosome gene sequence and centromere location Homologous chromosome
Nerve &
Chromosomal number: mucle
Somatic cells cells
• have homologous pair/ homologous G1 - Cells grow larger,
G0(inactive phase) – absorb nutrients and
chromosome (maternal & paternal), some cells temporarily/
produce proteins Energy cukup?
have 2 sets of chromosomes permanently enter this Saiz sel cukup?
• known as diploid cells (2n) stage DNA damage?
G1/S checkpoint
Gametes
• no homologous pair, just have 1 set
of chromosome M – Division of
• known as haploid cells (n) S – Synthesis and
nuclear DNA and replication of DNA,
cytoplasm, producing form sister chromatids,
2 new cells, centriole replicates
Definition of cell cycle:
A sequence of events from the time cell is
G2 checkpoint
formed until it divides completely, producing
2 daughter cells DNA damage? G2 – Cells continue to
Complete copying grow, more protein &
DNA?
2 phases of cell cycle: enzyme produced
• Interphase (G1, S, G2 phase) (FINAL
• Cell division (M phase) PREPARATION)
MITOSIS / NUCLEAR
DIVISION
Ensure each daughter cells has the same no of chromosomes as parent cells
- Chromatin thickens & - Spindle fibre fix the location - Centromere divides - Chromosome arrive at
condensed to form of chromosomes - S/chromatids separates opposite pole
chromosomes - Chromosome lined up on (now called as - Chromosome uncoil
- Nucleolus & nuclear the metaphase plate chromosome) (now called as
membrane disappear - Spindle fibres shorten, pull chromatin)
- Centrioles move to chromosome to the pole - Nucleolus & nuclear
opposite poles membrane reform
- Spindle fibres is formed, - Spindle fibre disappear
attached to kinetochores
CYTOKINESIS / CYTOPLASMIC
DIVISION
The process by which one cell physically divides into two cells.
Golgi vesicles is
Contractile ring forms at the produced and fused
metaphase plase together, becoming the
cell plate
The ring creates
constriction force on the The cell plate grows
cell, producing the cleavage outwards until it merges
furrow with plasma membrane
Separate one cell into New cell wall is
two formed & 2 new cells
are produced
IMPORTANCE OF MITOSIS IN ORGANISM
1) Development of embryo - Zygote divides by mitosis, resulting to the
formation of embryo
2) Growth of organism – Elongation of shoot & root is due to cell
division carried out by apical meristem cells.
3) Tissue healing – Mitosis able to replace damaged and dead cells
4) Asexual reproduction – Unicellular organism divides themselves to
ensure their survival and increase number of organism
MEIOSIS / NUCLEAR
Ensure each daughter cells has half number of chromosomes compared to parent cells
DIVISION
IMPORTANCE
Gamete formation
• Ovum and sperm are produced via meiosis in reproductive organ
• Why? To maintain diploid number of chromosome across
generation
Produce genetic variation
• Crossing over between homologous chromosome causes the
genetic combination
Meiosis consists of 2 stages
1) Meiosis I (Separate
homologous chromosomes)
2n
n
2) Meiosis II (Separate sister
chromatids)
n
n
MEIOSIS I
2n 2n n n
Diploid (2n) / Homologous chromosomes Haploid (n) / Chromosomes are not homologous
PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I
• Chromosomes shorten & thicken • Each pair of • Each chromosomes in • Each chromosomes
• Pairing of homologous chromosomes via homologous one pair are separated reach the pole
synapsis (called as tetrad) chromosomes and pulled by spindle • Spindle fibres disappear
• Crossing over between non-sister arranged at fibres towards opposite • Nucleolus & nuclear
chromatids at point chiasma – genetic metaphase plate pole membrane reform
combination • Spindle fibres • Sister chromatids still • Followed by cytokinesis,
• Spindle fibre forms attach at the attach to the centromere splitting the cell into 2
• Nucleolus & nuclear membrane centromere of haploid cells.
disappear chromosomes
MEIOSIS II
Haploid (n) / Chromosomes are not homologous
PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I
• Chromosomes consists of sister • Sister chromatids • Centromeres divide • Chromosomes reach the
chromatids attached at centromere arranged at • Sister chromatids pole
• Centrioles duplicate & move to opposite metaphase plate separate & move to • Spindle fibres disappear
pole opposite pole • Nucleolus & nuclear
• Spindle fibre reforms membrane reform
• Nucleolus & nuclear membrane • Cytokinesis takes place,
disappear producing 4 haploid
cells.
ISSUES OF CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS / MEIOSIS)
1. Uncontrolled mitosis
Cells divide repeatedly without control due to damaged/ mutated genes
Factors : exposure to radiation, drinking alcohol, usage of carcinogenic substances
Effect : Tumour is formed, destroy the normal tissues, leading to cancer and death
2. Nondisjunction during meiosis (anaphase I or II)
Chromosomes are not separated evenly
Produce abnormal gamete (with less/ more number of chromosomes)
Effect : Formation of abnormal zygote
For example, Down syndrome is caused by extra copy of chromosomes 21.
Credit to:
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/mitosis+cytokinesis
https://www.chegg.com/flashcards/chapter-13-34f2afad-fa98-46ae-b393-c43dadb1635e/deck
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/11-1-the-process-of-meiosis
