If you don’t learn from your

mistakes, there’s no sense of

making them
 Herbert V. Prochnow
 BASIC
CALCULUS
List of topics
CHAPTER 1
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION AND LIMIT THEOREMS
2. RIGHT-HAND AND LEFT-HAND LIMITS
3. LIMITS INVOLVING INFINITY
4. CONTINUITY OF THE FUNCTION
 CHAPTER 2
 THE DERIVATIVES
1. DERIVATIVE AND ITS GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION
2. BASIC THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
3. COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND CHAIN RULE
4. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
5. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
 CHAPTER 3

 THE DERIVATIVES OF TRANSENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

1. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INVERSES
2. LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
 CHAPTER 4
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1. PROBLEM INVOLVING RELATED RATES
Limit of a function
Observe the behaviour of the following function at x = 2.

f(x) =

Note that at x = 2 ,
f(x) =
 Observe the values of f(x) as x approaches 2 from the left
and from the right as shown in the table below

X approaches 2 F(x) F(x)

X approaches 2 from
from the left the right
1.5 6.500000 2.5 7.500000
1.9 6.900000 2.1 7.100000
1.99 6.990000 2.01 7.010000
1.999 6.999000 2.001 7.001000
1.9999 6.999900 2.0001 7.000100
1.99999 6.999990 2.00001 7.000010
1.999999 6.999999 2.000001 7.000001
 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠7

𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠7

𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔h𝑡

 Hence, We can conclude that
• =7

• We can also confirm this result algebraically as follows:

when x ≠ 2
= =x+5

=
 Example:
Using the table of values find

Note that at x = 5 ,

𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆

 Observe the values of f(x) as x approaches 5 from the left
and from the right as shown in the table below
X approaches 5 F(x) X approaches 5 from F(x)
from the left the right
4.5 -0.5 5.5 0.5
4.9 -0.1 5.1 0.1
4.99 -0.01 5.01 0.01
4.999 -0.001 5.001 0.001
4.9999 -0.0001 5.0001 0.0001
4.99999 -0.00001 5.00001 0.00001
4.999999 -0.000001 5.000001 0.000001
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝h
𝑠 0
𝑒
𝑎 𝑐h
𝑜
𝑝𝑝𝑟
𝑥 )𝑎
𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 5 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑓(

𝑒𝑠0 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 5 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔h𝑡

𝑐 h
𝑎
𝑟𝑜
𝑎𝑝𝑝
𝑥 )
𝑓(
 Hence, We can conclude that
• =0

• We can also confirm this result algebraically as follows:

when x ≠ 5
=

=
It’s your turn

Using the table of values find

 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐
𝐟 ( 𝐱 )= lim
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏
F(x) X approaches 1 from F(x)
X approaches 1
from the left the right
0.5 1.5
0.9 1.1
0.99 1.01
0.999 1.001
0.9999 1.0001
0.99999 1.00001
0.999999 1.000001
 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐
𝐟 ( 𝐱 )= lim
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏
F(x) X approaches 1 from F(x)
X approaches 1
from the left the right
0.5 -1.5 1.5 -0.5
0.9 -1.1 1.1 -0.9
0.99 -1.01 1.01 -0.99
0.999 -1.001 1.001 -0.999
0.9999 -1.0001 1.0001 -0.9999
0.99999 -1.00001 1.00001 -0.99999
0.999999 -1.000001 1.000001 -0.999999
Graph

𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔h𝑡

−1
1

𝑠
−

h𝑒
𝑒𝑠

𝑐
𝑜𝑎
𝑐h
𝑜𝑎

𝑝𝑟
𝑎𝑝
𝑝𝑟
) 𝑎𝑝

𝑥)
𝑓(
𝑓 (𝑥
 Hence, We can conclude that
• = -1

• We can also confirm this result algebraically as follows:

when x ≠ 1
= =x-2

=
 Definition of Limit
• Given real number a and L, if the values f(x) of a function
f approach or equal to L as the value of x approaches
(but do not equal) a , we say that f has limit L as x
approaches a. We write ,

L.

read as “ the limit of f of x as x approaches a equals L”

 The  - Definition of Limit
We say lim f ( x)  L if and only if
x a
given a positive number  , there exists a positive  such that

if 0 | x  a |  , then | f ( x)  L |  .
L
L
L 

y  f ( x) a  a a 
This means that if we are given a

small interval ( L   , L   ) centered at L,

then we can find a (small) interval ( a   , a   )

such that for all x  a in ( a   , a   ),

f ( x) is in ( L   , L   ).
 Let us try:
Example 1
• Use the definition of a limit to prove

11
 For every …

If 0 <
If 0 <
If 0 <
If 0 <
If 0 <
Hence , we can let and have the following argument

0<
2

), since

|( 2 𝑥 −5 ) −11|<¿∈
Thus we have established , the following statement is
true:
0<
This proves that 11
Let us try:
Example 2
• Use the definition of a limit to prove
For every …

If 0 <
If 0 <
Continued:

If 0 <
If 0 <
If 0 <

1
𝛿= 𝜖
3
𝜖=3 𝛿
Hence , we can let and have the following argument
0<
3

), since

|( 𝟐 𝒙 −𝟓 ) − 𝟏𝟏|< ¿∈
Thus we have established , the following statement is
true:
0<

This proves that

 Activity 1:
Use the definition to prove the following limit .
3. 6
1. 5

2. 7 0
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑇h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑠
1. Limit of a linear function
If m and b are any constant
Example 1. Example 2.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐 𝒙 +𝟓) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟑 𝒙 −𝟏)
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙 →− 𝟐

solutions solutions
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟑 𝒙 −𝟏)
𝒙 →− 𝟐

= 2(3) +5 = 3(-2) - 1
=6+5 = -6 - 1 = -7
= 11
2. Limit of Constant Function
If f is the constant function f(x) = k ,then for any number a
k
Example1: Example2:

Solution: Solution:
=5
3. Limit of the Identity Function
If f is the identity function f(x) = x, then for any
number a
Example 1: Example 2:

solution: solution:

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙=𝟔 = -2
𝒙→𝟔
4. Limit of the Sum and Difference
of two functions

if and

± 𝑳𝟐
 𝟐
Example1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏
(𝟓 𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙 )

Solutions:
𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟓 𝒙 +𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝟐
¿ 5 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 +2 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
𝟐
¿ 𝟓(1) +𝟐(1)
¿ 𝟓+2=7
 𝟐
Example2: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟏

Solutions:
𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟓 𝒙 −𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
𝟐
¿ 5 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 −2 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝟐
¿ 𝟓(1) −𝟐(1)
¿ 𝟓 −2=3
5. Limit of the Product of two functions

if and

𝑳𝟐
 𝟐
Example1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝟓 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙]
𝒙→𝟏
Solutions:
𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟓 𝒙 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
𝟐
¿ 5 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 2 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙 →𝟏
𝟐
¿ 𝟓(1) 𝟐(1)
¿(𝟓)(𝟐) ¿ 10
 𝟐
Example2: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 7 𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟏
Solutions:
𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝐥𝐢𝐦 7 𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 7 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
𝟐
¿(1) 7 (1)
¿7
7. Limit of the Quotient of Two Function
and

𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝑳𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ¿
𝒙→𝑎 𝒈 (𝒙) 𝑳𝟐
 Example 1:
Solutions:

= =

= =
 Example 2:
Solutions:
=

= =
6. Limit of the nth power of a Function
L and n is any positive integer, then
 𝟐
Example1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟓

solutions:
𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟓

=
=
 4
Example2: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 )
𝒙 →− 2

solutions:
4
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 )
𝒙 →− 2

=
= 16
8. Limit of the nth root of a function
If n is a positive integer and

L, then
Example 1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝒙 ¿?𝟒

𝒙 →𝟏𝟔

Solutions:

𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝒙 ¿ 𝟒√ 𝟏𝟔 ¿ 𝟐
𝟒

𝒙 →𝟏𝟔
Example 2: lim √ 𝑥
𝑥→4

solutions:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝑥 ¿ √ 𝟒
𝒙 →4
¿𝟐
Any Questions?????
 Activity 3:
Solve the following limits. Show your complete solutions.
𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒:𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 .
1.
2.
3.
4.
 5. ] 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ ( 𝒙 −𝟑)( 𝒙+𝟐)
8. 𝒙→𝟓

6.
9.
7.