ALMAZ BOIEHM COLLEGE
OCCUIPATION:- Basic Electrical Electronics Equipment
servicing
UNIT OF COMPITANCY; - TEST ELECTRICAL& ELECTRONIC PARTS
LO2 identify /test electrical /electronics component
Objectives
At the end of this Learning Outcomes trainees will be able to:-
Identify types of capacitor
know how to calculate capacitance of capacitors
know application capacitor
Capacitor
Capacitor, also known as condenser, is one of the most essential
components in designing an electronic circuit. Radio, television and
monitor circuits use a number of capacitors. Capacitor has a tendency
to store electrical charge and then release it as current in the circuit
where it is connected. So the use of capacitor is to store and then
release electrical charge. This concept may sound simple enough, but it
has important applications when the capacitor is combined with other
components (inductors, resistors)in filter or timing circuits. Capacitor
is symbolized as shown in below and it is denoted by a letter C.
They store energy when the supply-voltage is present and release it
when the supply drops.
The capacitors perform different tasks such as filtering, time-delays,
passing a signal from one stage to another and create many different
effects in a circuit.
Unit of capacitance
Capacitance is measure in farads (F).Practically farad is a large unit. The smaller units are
microfarads, nano-farads and Pico-farads.
1 microfarad= 1/1,000,000 farad
1 nano farad=1/1,000,000,000 farad
1 Pico farad=1/1,000,000,000,000 farad
So, 0.01µF = 10nF = 10,000pF
Micro farad can be written as MFD, MF or µF or simply M. Nano-farad is written as
NF.Pico-faradiswrittenasP.FCapacitorsratedinpico-faradsarefoundinRFand
highfrequencycircuits.Capacitorsratedinmicrofaradsareincorporatedinlow- frequency and
DC circuits, like power supplies, audio amplifiers, and digital and timer circuits.
Construction
Different types for different applications
Choose for capacitance, size, voltage rating, leakage, series resistance..
Types of capacitors
There are basically two types of capacitors i.e.
Non-Polarized Capacitor
MICA
Paper
Ceramic
Polyester
Polystyrene
Polarized Capacitor
Electrolytic capacitor
Tantalum capacitor
Non-polarized capacitors mean that they can be inserted in to a circuit in any orientation. While
polarized capacitors must be inserted in the proper orientation with
respecttoappliedvoltage.Ifthepolarizescapacitorsisconnectedinopposite polarity, it may explode.
Voltage Rating of Capacitors
Capacitors also have a voltage rating, usually stated as WV for working voltage, or WVDC. This
rating specifies the maximum voltage that can be applied across the capacitors without
puncturing the dielectric. Voltage ratings for general purpose paper, mica, and ceramic capacitors
are typically 200 to 500VDC. Ceramic capacitors with ratings of 1to5kv are also available.
Electrolytic capacitors are commonly used in 25, 50, 100, 150, and 450v ratings. In addition, 6 and
10V electrolytic capacitors are often used in transistor circuits.
CAUTION
If a capacitor has a voltage rating of 63v, do not put it in a 100v circuit as the insulation (called the
dielectric) will be punctured and the capacitor will "short-circuit."
It's ok to replace a 0.22uF 50WV capacitor with 0.22uF 250WVDC
SAFETY
A capacitor can store a charge for a period of time after the equipment is turned off.
High voltage electrolytic caps can pose a safety hazard. These capacitors are in power supplies and
some have a resistor across them, called a bleed resistor, to discharge the cap after power is
switched off.
If a bleed resistor is not present the cap can retain a charge after the equipment is unplugged
How to discharge a capacitor
Do not use a screwdriver to short between the terminals as this will damage
the capacitor internally and the screwdriver.
Use a 1k 3watt or 5watt resistor or 100watt bulb on jumper leads and keep
them connected for a few seconds to fully discharge the electro.
Test it with a voltmeter to make sure all the energy has been removed.
Before testing any capacitors, especially electrolytic, you should look to see
if any are damaged, overheated or leaking. Swelling at the top of an
electrolytic indicates heating and pressure inside the case and will result in
drying out of the electrolyte. Any hot or warm electrolytic indicates leakage
and ceramic capacitors with portions missing indicates something has gone
wrong.
How to read capacitor numeric code
The non-polarized capacitor of nominal value of less than 1000pF is usually
plain marked. For instant, for a 220pF capacitor, it will be marked 220only.
For capacitance values of 1000pF or more, a three digit code is used. The
first two digits represent the two significant digits and the third digit
represents the decimal multiplier. For instance, 102 represents a
capacitance of 10x10²=1000pF and 104 represents a capacitance of
10x104=100000pF=0.1µF. basically it has the same calculation method as
resistor.
Example 1: What is the capacitance value of these capacitors marked
a.22=>22 Pico farad
b.330=>330 Pico farad
c.471=>47x10= 470 Pico farad
d.562=>56x10² = 5600 Pico farad or 5.6nano farad
e.103=>10x10³ = 10000 Pico farad or 10nano farad
f.224=> Pico farad22x10 = 220000 Pico farad or 220nanofarad or .22
g. 335=>33x10=3300000 Pico farad or 3300 nano farad or3.3 microfarad
Electrolytic capacitor shave their capacitance, voltage rating, and polarity
printed on the case as shown in Figure below
Fig.15 polarity of capacitors
Value of color coded capacitor can be determined in similar way as that of color coded resistor except the
voltage rating of capacitor can be indicated in the color code technique
Fig.16 capacitor color code
Capacitance Tolerance
Ceramic disk capacitors for general applications usually have a tolerance of+20
percent. Paper capacitors usually have a tolerance of+10percent.For closer
tolerances, mica capacitors are used. It has tolerance value of+2 to 20 percent.
The letter after the capacitance numerical code indicates the tolerance i.e.
=20%;
K=10%; J=5%.Soa103K capacitor is a10,000pF or10nF or0.010µF10% capacitor
with 10 % tolerance.
Electrolytic capacitors have a wide tolerance. For instant,a100µF electrolytic
with tolerance of ñ10 percent, +20 percent may have a capacitance of 90 to
120µF.
Capacitor Equations
•A capacitor holds charge Q proportional to the voltage across it:
•the capacitance C (units of Farads) is set by the construction of the capacitor:
Capacitor behavior
Current through capacitor proportional to rate of change in voltage across
it
Capacitors act to resist changes in voltage
Capacitor current can change (very) quickly
Capacitors store energy
Table 3.1 symbols of capacitors
THANK YOU FOR
ATTENTION!!!
