Solid and Hazardous
Waste
Content:
• Introduction
• Classification
• Sources
• Health effects
• Waste management
(Reduce, reuse recycle)
• Disposal of waste
What Are Waste ?
•“ Substances or objects which are disposed of or
are intended to be disposed of or are required to
be disposed of by the provisions of the law”.
SOLIS WASTE:
It is defined as
“ non liquid, non-soluble materials
ranging from municipal garbage to industrial
wastes that contain complex & sometimes
hazardous substances”
Solid Waste
Classificatio
n
• Domestic waste
• Industrial waste
• Waste from oil factory
• E-waste
• Construction waste
• Agricultural waste
• Food processing waste
• Bio-medical waste
• Nuclear waste
• Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste,
household waste etc.
• E-waste- discarded electronic devices like
computer, TV, music systems etc.
• Liquid waste- water used for different
industries eg tanneries, distillaries, thermal
power plants
• Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear
power plants.
• Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.
• Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps
etc.
• Bio-medical waste- Bio-medical
waste means any waste, which is generated
during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals or
in research activities.
Solid waste composition
Bio-degradable :-
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable :-
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, containers and others)
SOURCES OF
WASTE
HOUSEHOLDS
COMMERCE
AND
INDUSTRY
SOURCES OF
WASTE
Agriculture
Fisheries
Solid Waste in
India
• 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
• One Sq. km of additional landfill area every-year
• Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
• In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million
tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year,
which is mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.
Source: Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest
Growth of Solid Waste In
India
• Waste is growing every year
• In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2
million to 12.3 million
• During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown
from 3200 tonnes to 5355 tonne, an increase of 67%
• Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities
• City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per
annum, the ever increasing waste has put pressure on
hygienic condition of the city
Source: The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi
Projections on Waste Generation In India
EFFECT OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY
• Effects our health
• Affects our socio-economics condition
• Affects our costal and marine environment
• Affects our climate
Waste Collection in
India
Primarily by the city municipality :-
-No gradation of waste product e.g. - bio-
degradable, glasses, polybags, paper shreds
etc.
- Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts
Waste Collection in India
•Local raddiwala / kabadiwala (Rag pickers) :-
- Collecting small iron pieces by magnets
- Collecting glass bottles
- Collecting paper for recycling.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Managing Waste
Recycling
Benefits :
- Reduce environmental degradation
- Making money out of waste
- Save energy that would have gone into waste handling &
product manufacture
Managing
Waste
• Reduce Waste :-
• Reduce office paper waste
• Improve product design to use
less materials.
Reduce Waste :-
Managing Waste
Reuse :-
• Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as
interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper.
• Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins,
dishes, cups, and glasses.
• Use incoming packaging materials for
outgoing shipments.
• Encourage employees to reuse office
materials rather than purchase new ones.
Managing Waste
Donate/Exchange :-
• old books
• old clothes
• old computers
• excess building materials
• old equipment to local
organizations
Recycling not a solution to all problems !
• Recycling is not a solution to managing
every kind of waste material
• For many items recycling technologies are
unavailable or unsafe
• In some cases, cost of recycling is too high…
Solution : More Profit With Zero Waste
• Exchanging output that are considered waste
• Waste of one could be input or raw material for
others.
Solid Waste Disposal
• Industrialized countries have waste
management problems
• Developed countries have strict
environment regulation norms
• Most attractive option for them-
to dump into developing
countries
Disposal Means :
“Any operation which may lead to
resource recovery, recycling,
reclamation, direct re-use or
alternative uses.”
Disposal of solid wastes
Dumping
Sanitary land filling
Incineration
Composting
Manure pits
1. Dumping
• Low lying areas.
• Mainly for dry refuses
• Unsanitary method
• Exposed to flies and rodents
• Nuisance
• Dispersed by wind
• pollution of surface water
2. Sanitary landfill:
• Satisfactory method
• Material placed in a trench
• Compacted with earth at the end of the
working day.
• Methods for Landfills….
• a. Trench method
• b. Ramp method
• c. Area method
3. Incineration:
• it is a disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous products.
4. COMPOSTING :
• Method of combined disposal of refuse and
night soil/ sludge
• Principal by products are: CO2 , Water and
heat
• End product- compost
• Methods
• Hot Fermentation/ Anaerobic
• Mechanical composting
• Vermicomposting
5.Manure pits :
• Mostly used in rural areas
• Digging “manure pits” is to prevent the
refuses thrown around the houses.
• The garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves
should be dumped into the manure pits and
covered with earth.
Collection & Recycling of Waste Materials
