Madeleine

Leininger
"Caring is the essence of nursing"
Madeleine Leininger
RN, PhD, LHD, DS, CTN, FAAN

• Born 13 Jul 1925 in Sutton, Nebraska, USA • She earned several degrees, including a
• Daughter of George Leininger and Irene Registered Nurse, Doctor of Philosophy,
Leininger Doctor of Human Science, Doctor of
• Died 10 Aug 2012 at age 87 in Omaha, Science .
Nebraska, USA • She is a Certified Transcultural Nurse, a
Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in
Australia and a Fellow of the American
Academy of Nursing.
• was an internationally known educator,
author, theorist, administrator, researcher,
consultant and public speaker.
• The developer of the concept of
Transcultural nursing that has a great impact
on how to deal with patients of different
culture and cultural background.

Madeleine Leininger
Transcultural The Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care
Theory involves knowing and understanding different

Nursing Theory cultures concerning nursing and health-illness caring

practices, beliefs, and values to provide meaningful and
efficacious nursing care services to people’s cultural
values health-illness context.
It focuses on the fact that different cultures have
different caring behaviors and different health and
illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.
 Major Concepts of the Transcultural
Nursing Theory
Transcultural Nursing Ethnonursing Nursing Cultural Congruent Environmental Context
(Nursing) Care
is defined as a learned subfield or This is the study of nursing care is defined as a learned humanistic is the totality of an event,
branch of nursing that focuses beliefs, values, and practices as and scientific profession and is defined as those cognitively situation, or particular experience
upon the comparative study and cognitively perceived and discipline which is focused on based assistive, supportive, that gives meaning to human
analysis of cultures concerning known by a designated culture human care phenomena and facilitative, or enabling acts or expressions, interpretations, and
nursing and health-illness caring through their direct experience, activities to assist, support, decisions that are tailor-made to social interactions in particular
practices, beliefs, and values to beliefs, and value system. facilitate, or enable individuals or fit with the individual, group, or physical, ecological,
provide meaningful and groups to maintain or regain their institutional, cultural values, sociopolitical, and/or cultural
efficacious nursing care services well-being (or health) in culturally beliefs, and lifeways to provide settings.
to their cultural values and health- meaningful and beneficial ways, or or support meaningful,
illness context. to help people face handicaps or beneficial, and satisfying health
death. care, or well-being services.
Major Concepts • Culture care

is defined as the subjectively and objectively learned and transmitted

of the
values, beliefs, and patterned lifeways that assist, support, facilitate, or
enable another individual or group to maintain their well-being, health,
improve their human condition lifeway, or deal with illness, handicaps or

Transcultural
death.

• Culture Care Diversity

Nursing Theory indicates the variabilities and/or differences in meanings, patterns, values,
lifeways, or symbols of care within or between collectives related to
assistive, supportive, or enabling human care expressions.

• Culture • Culture Care Universality

Culture is learned, shared, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and Culture care universality indicates the common, similar, or dominant
lifeways of a particular group that guides their thinking, decisions, and uniform care meanings, patterns, values, lifeways, or symbols manifest
actions in patterned ways. among many cultures and reflect assistive, supportive, facilitative, or
enabling ways to help people.
 • Care • Caring • Emic • Etic

is defined as actions and behavior directed toward assisting Knowledge gained from direct The knowledge that describes
activities directed toward another individual or group with experience or directly from those the professional perspective. It is
assisting, supporting, or enabling evident or antisipated needs to who have experienced it. It is professional care knowledge.
another individual or group with improve the human condition generic or folk knowledge.
evident or anticipated needs to either to recover or to face death.
ameliorate or improve a human
condition or lifeway or face
death.

Subconcept of Transcultural
Nursing Theory
Subconcept of
• Generic (Folk or Lay) Care Systems
Generic (folk or lay) care systems are culturally learned and transmitted,
indigenous (or traditional), folk (home-based) knowledge and skills used to

Transcultural
provide assistive, supportive, enabling, or facilitative acts toward or for
another individual, group, or institution with evident or anticipated needs to
ameliorate or improve a human life way, health condition (or well-being),
or to deal with handicaps and death situations

Nursing Theory • Ethnohistory

Ethnohistory includes those past facts, events, instances, experiences of
individuals, groups, cultures, and instructions that are primarily people-
centered (ethno) and describe, explain, and interpret human lifeways within
particular cultural contexts over short or long periods of time.

• Professional Care Systems

Professional care systems are defined as formally taught, learned, and
transmitted professional care, health, illness, wellness, and related
knowledge and practice skills that prevail in professional institutions,
usually with multidisciplinary personnel to serve consumers.
1. Cultural care preservation
is also known as maintenance. It includes those assistive, supporting,

Three modes
facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help people
of a particular culture to retain and/or preserve relevant care values so that
they can maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps

of nursing
and/or death.

care decisions
2. Cultural care accommodation
is also known as negotiation, includes those assistive, supportive,
facilitative, or enabling creative professional actions and decisions that help

and actions
people of a designated culture to adapt to or negotiate with others for a
beneficial or satisfying health outcome with professional care providers.

3. Culture care repatterning

is also known as restructuring, includes those assistive, supporting,
facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help clients
reorder, change, or greatly modify their lifeways for new, different, and
beneficial health care pattern while respecting the clients’ cultural values and
beliefs and still providing a beneficial or healthier lifeway than before the
changes were established with the clients.
Madeleine's contribution to the health sector

Through Leininger’s
theory,
nurses can observe how a patient’s cultural background is
related to their health and use that knowledge to create a
nursing plan that will help the patient get healthy quickly
while still being sensitive to his or her cultural background.
 Quiz
1.Who was the developer of the concept Transcultural Nursing?

2.When was Madeleine Leininger born?

3.It focuses on the fact that different cultures have different caring behaviors and different
health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.

4-6.What are the Major Concept of the Transcultural Nursing Theory?

Give atleast 3.
 7.This is the study of the nursing care beliefs, values and practices as cognitively perceived and
known by a designated culture.

8. Is defined as a learned subfield or branch of nursing that focuses upon the comparative study and
analysis of cultures concerning nursing.

9. Is defined as a learned humanistic and scientific profession and discipline which is focused on
human care phenomena.

10.Is defined as those cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or
decisions.
11. Is the totality of an event, situation, or particular experience that gives meaning to human
expressions.

12.-14. What are the Subconcept of the Transcultural Nursing Theory?

Give atleast 3.

15-17. What are the three modes of nursing care decisions and actions?

18-20. In your own understanding based on what we discussed, why does Madeleine develop the
Transcultural Nursing?