REVIEW OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS AND IDENTITIES
Classification of Triangles
Right Triangle Oblique Triangle
- A triangle with one right - A triangle with no right
angle. angle.
Parts of a right triangle
Leg Hypotenuse
or Side opposite
to θ
θ Angle
Leg
or Side adjacent to θ
Pythagorean Theorem
A mathematical theorem
which was founded by Pythagoras.
The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
of the two other sides or legs.
Example 1
Given the
measurements of the b=4 c =?
triangle below, find the θ
value of c. a=3
Example 2
Given the
b=1 c =4
measurements of the
triangle below, find
θ
the value of a.
=?
The 6 Trigonometric Functions
1) sin (sine) = 4) csc (cosecant) =
2) cos (cosine) = 5) sec (secant) =
3) tan (tangent) = 6) cot (cotangent) =
Example 3
b=?
Find the values of
sides a and b in
a=?
the given figure 25ᵒ
0
= 1
c
Along the vertical
axis, what functions
are undefined? What
functions are zero?
What functions are
undefined along the
horizontal axis?
What functions are
zero?
QUADRANTAL ANGLE FUNCTION VALUES &
SIGNS
θ sin θ cos θ tan θ cot θ sec θ csc θ
0° 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined
90° 1 0 undefined 0 undefined 1
180° 0 -1 0 undefined -1 undefined
270° -1 0 undefined 0 undefined -1
360° 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined
EXERCISES
1. Determine the sign of the trigonometric functions of an
angle in standard position.
a. 20° b. 330°
2. Identify the quadrant/s of an angle θ that satisfies the
condition.
[Link] θ> 0, cot θ < 0 b. tan θ > 0, sin θ < 0
FUNDAMENTAL
TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
RECIPROCAL
IDENTITIES QUOTIENT IDENTITIES
PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
ODD EVEN IDENTITIES
GUIDELINES FOR VERIFYING TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
Wok with each side of the equation independently of the other side. Start with the
more complicated side and transform it in a step-by-step fashion until it looks
like the other side.
Analyze the identity and look for opportunities to apply the fundamental
identities.
Try using one or more of the following techniques:
Rewrite the more complicated side in terms of sines and cosines.
Factor out the greatest common factor.
Separate a single-term quotient into two terms.
GUIDELINES FOR VERIFYING TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
Combine fractional expressions using the least common denominator.
Multiply the numerator and the denominator by a binomial factor that appears
on the other side of the identity.
Don’t be afraid to stop and start over again. If you are not getting anywhere.
Strategies leading to dead-ends often provide good problem-solving ideas.
Verify the identity:
Example 4 sec 𝑥cot 𝑥=csc 𝑥
sec 𝑥 cot 𝑥=csc 𝑥 Apply reciprocal identity
1 cos 𝑥
∗ =csc 𝑥 Cancel out common term in
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 numerator and denominator
1
=csc 𝑥
sin 𝑥 Apply reciprocal identity
✓
csc 𝑥 =csc 𝑥
Verify the identity:
Example 5 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 +cos 𝑥=sec 𝑥
sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 +cos 𝑥=sec 𝑥 Apply quotient identity tanx = sinx/cosx
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 ∗ + cos 𝑥=sec 𝑥 Multiply
cos 𝑥
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
+cos 𝑥=sec 𝑥 Apply Least Common
cos 𝑥 Denominator cos x
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
+ =sec 𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Verify the identity:
Example 5 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥=sec 𝑥
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
+ =sec 𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 Write above one common denominator
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑥
1
=sec 𝑥 Apply Pythagorean Theorem
cos 𝑥
1
=sec 𝑥 Apply reciprocal identity
cos 𝑥
✓
sec 𝑥=sec 𝑥
10/3/22
REVIEW: VERIFYING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Learn the fundamental identities.
2. Try to rewrite the more complicated side of the equation so that it is identical to the
simpler side.
3. It is often helpful to express all functions in terms of sine and cosine and then simplify
the result.
4. Usually, any factoring or indicated algebraic operations should be performed. For
example,
5. As you select substitutions, keep in mind the side you are not changing, because it
represents your goal.
6. If an expression contains 1 + sin x, multiplying both numerator and denominator by 1 –
sin x would give 1 – sin² x, which could be replaced with cos² x.
More Examples
VERIFYING
IDENTITIES
( 6 ) cos 𝑥 −cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥=𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥
( 7 ) sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥
1+ sin 𝜃
(8 ) =sec 𝜃 +tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃
cos 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥
( 9) + = 2 sec 𝑥
1+sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1− cos 𝑥
( 10 ) =
1+cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
10/3/22
10/3/22
ENDCAL14E University of Negros Occidental - Recoletos
