ELT-384 Communication Networks (3+1)
Week-1
1. Introduction to Data
Communication
2. Components of Network Criteria
3. Topologies
For
6th Semester
BS Electronics Engineering,
Department of Science & Technology,
Indus University, Karachi
By
Engr. Shaikh Zia ur Rheman
1
ELT-384 Communication Networks (3+1)
Lectures Learning Outcomes of This Week
After Attending these lectures student will be able:
“To understand the concepts of Data Communication,
Components of communication , Network Criteria & Topologies of
networks”
2
What is … ?
Communication
Information transfer, according to agreed conventions
using hand signals, language, Morse code, smoke signals
etc.
Telecommunication
Communication at a distance, includes telephony,
telegraphy, television etc.
Data Communication
Transfer of data from one or more sources to one or more
destinations.
Computer Network
A network of data processing nodes that are
interconnected for the purpose of data communication.
3
Components of data
communication system
Sender, Receiver, Message , Medium, Protocol
A set of rules that
governs data The data
communication (information) to be
communicated
The physical path
by which a
message travels
4
Data communication system
Its effectiveness depends upon three
characteristics …
Delivery
To deliver data to correct destination
Accuracy
To deliver data accurately
Timeliness
To deliver data in a timely manner
5
Data representation
Text
ASCII
Extended ASCII
Unicode
ISO
Numbers
Images
Audio
Video
6
Direction of data flow
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
7
What is a
network?
It is a set of devices
(nodes) connected by
communication links.
A node can be a
computer or printer
etc.
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Why make a network?
Because of networks we can …
Share resources ( Peripherals, files,
internet connection etc.)
Communicate and collaborate
Save data
9
Network criteria
Three most important criteria for
evaluating a network are …
Performance
Reliability
Security
10
Types of Connection
Point-to-point
Multipoint
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Point-to-point connection
Provides a dedicated link between devices.
Entire capacity of the link is reserved for the
two devices.
12
Multipoint connection
More than two specific devices share a
single link.
The capacity of the channel is shared.
13
Network Topology
It refers to the way in which a network is laid
out physically.
It is a geometric representation of the
relationship of all the links and linking
devices to one another.
14
Mesh topology
Every device has a
dedicated point-to-point
link to every other
device.
A fully connected mesh
network has n(n-1)/2
physical channels to
connect n devices with
each device having n-1
I/O ports.
15
Star topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
link to a central controller (usually a hub).
Less expensive than mesh.
16
Bus topology
One long cable acts as a backbone to link
all devices.
Multipoint connection (shared link)
17
Ring topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection only with two other devices.
A signal is passed along the ring in one
direction.
18
Categories of networks
A Network is categorized with respect to its
size, its ownership, the distance it covers
and its physical architecture.
19
Local Area Network (LAN)
Smaller scope
Building or small campus
Usually owned by same organization
as attached devices
Data rates much higher
Usually broadcast systems
20
LAN
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Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
Middle ground between LAN and WAN
May be owned by Private company or a service
provided by a public company
Large area
22
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Large geographical area
Crossing public rights of way
Rely in part on common carrier circuits
23
Interconnection of Networks:
Internetwork
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Layered Tasks
The concept of
layered tasks
is common in
our daily life,
e.g. postal
mail.
25
What is a protocol?
It is a set of rules that governs data
communication
26
Standardized Protocol
Architectures
Required for devices to communicate
Vendors have more marketable products
Customers can insist on standards based
equipment
Two standards:
OSI Reference model
Never lived up to early promises
TCP/IP protocol suite
Most widely used
Also: IBM Systems Network Architecture
(SNA)
27
The OSI Model
International Standards Organization (ISO)
An organization dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
An ISO standard/model that covers all aspects
of network communications.
28
OSI Model
All
People
Seems
To
Need
Data
Processing
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The OSI model
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OSI
vs.
TCP/IP
31
Internet (TCP/IP) Model
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Protocol Hierarchies
The entities
comprising the
corresponding
layers on
different
machines are
called peers.
33
Protocol Hierarchies
Layer 5
(Application)
34
Protocol Hierarchies
35
Protocol Hierarchies
PDU
Fragmentation
Assembly
36
Internet Layers
37
Physical Layer
It is responsible for transmitting
individual bits from one node to the
next.
It is mainly concerned with …
Characteristics of transmission medium
Signal levels
Data rates
38
Data Link Layer
It is responsible for transmitting frames from
one node to the next.
Its major duties are …
Framing
Physical Addressing
Flow Control
Error Control
Access Control
39
Node to node delivery
A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with
physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link.
At the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in
the header. These are the only addresses needed.
The rest of the header contains other information needed at
this level.
The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error
detection
40
Node to node delivery
41
Network Layer
Responsible for the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final destination.
Performs routing functions across multiple
networks
Implemented in end systems and routers
42
Source to destination delivery
43
Source to destination delivery
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Transport Layer
It is responsible for delivery of a message
from one process to another.
Its major functions are …
Port Addressing
Connection Control
Flow Control
Error Control
45
Process to process delivery
46
Process to process delivery
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Application Layer
It is responsible for providing services to the
user.
48
Summary
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Addresses
Four levels of addresses are used in
an internet employing the TCP/IP
protocols:
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Addresses
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Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite
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ELT-384 Communication Networks (3+1)
Questions and Answers from Lectures
and
Summary of Topics Covered in This
Week
Assessment of Learning from
Lectures
Homework/Group Discussion/Assignment/Quiz etc
53
Things you need to know …
Text Book:
Data Communications and Networking
Behrouz A. Forouzan
Reference Books:
Computer Networks - Andrew S. Tanenbaum.
Data and Computer Communications - W. Stallings
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