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3) Location Survey

Surveying is the first step in highway engineering and involves determining ground details, topography, and surrounding areas through measurements. Reconnaissance surveys evaluate potential routes and include examining maps, aerial photos, and field studies to identify feasible options. The final location survey precisely establishes the highway central line and collects cross-section and property line data for design and construction. Surveying methods are adapted for urban areas, requiring greater detail.

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76 views41 pages

3) Location Survey

Surveying is the first step in highway engineering and involves determining ground details, topography, and surrounding areas through measurements. Reconnaissance surveys evaluate potential routes and include examining maps, aerial photos, and field studies to identify feasible options. The final location survey precisely establishes the highway central line and collects cross-section and property line data for design and construction. Surveying methods are adapted for urban areas, requiring greater detail.

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عز
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Highway Engineering

 Surveying is science of
determining the
dimensions and contour
of earth surface by
measurement of
distance, directions and
elevations.
 Surveying is the first and most important step
in highway engineering, which involves
◦ Details of grounds
◦ Details of surrounding areas
◦ Topography of the area
 Various methods are being used i.e.; ground
survey, air survey, route survey etc.
 The data from the survey is used;
◦ In the design of new construction
◦ Improvement of existing facilities
 Location surveys are carried out in Rural and
Urban areas in different ways.
 It is tedious job, field oriented and time
consuming. Most of the time and effort goes
in measurements and observations on the
ground.
 These are normally divided into three classic
stages;

◦ Map Survey
◦ Reconnaissance survey
◦ Preliminary line survey
◦ Location survey
 Reconnaissance survey is the process of
evaluating the feasibility of one or more
possible routes for a highway between
specific points, which may be many miles
apart.
 Good reconnaissance can be the greatest

single money-saving phase in the


construction of a new road.
 Existing maps (showing topography of the
area)
 Aerial photographs
 The maps are divided into three groups.
◦ Large scale maps (50” to 1 mile)
◦ Medium scale maps (6” to 1 mile)
◦ Small scale maps (1” to 1 mile)
 Reconnaissance begins with a ‘paper
study’ of an area 40%-60% as wide as
the distance between the proposed
highway lengths.
 Hills, waterways and land use are
examined first.
 Peat bogs and other marshy areas, which may
have to be avoided, can also be detected at
this stage.
 Sides for necessary fly- over structures can

be located along intersecting roads and


railway lines and utility relocation problems
may be anticipated.
 The above activities can be summarized as
follows:
◦ photographs of the area, supplemented by available
maps
◦ Determination of controls
◦ Location of feasible route on the photographs and
maps
 After the reconnaissance, engineer goes to the
field, where he obtains an evaluation of the fact
of unusual topographic features, hydrology, the
nature of certain man made works and
subsurface conditions.
 If the available maps do not adequately portray
the topography, approximate elevations of key
points can easily be obtained.
 These activities can also be summarized as
follows;
◦ Aerial photographs of each route
◦ Determination of detailed controls of topography
and land use
◦ Comparison of feasible routes on photographs and
maps
◦ Selection of best route
 Returning to the office, the reconnaissance
engineer can now make one or more paper
locations of feasible routes.
 If he is satisfied with the extent and quality of

the data, he may make the necessary


economic comparisons to aid in the selection
to the best routes
 Introduction
◦ Purpose of Reconnaissance survey
◦ Traffic survey method
◦ Study method
◦ Design criteria
 General Alignment Details
◦ Choice of routes
◦ Service to communities
◦ Interchange locations
◦ Land use and severance
◦ Safety considerations
◦ Drainage
◦ Soils and geology
 Project – Cost Estimates
◦ Road way
◦ Structures
◦ Right-of-way
◦ Utility relocation
 Definition:
“The preliminary survey is a large scale study
of one or more feasible routes. It results in a
paper location and alignment that defines the
line for the subsequent location survey”
Route I Station II

Route II

Route III

Station I
 With in established route area, survey is
performed for
◦ Shape of ground
◦ Limits of catchment areas
◦ Position and invert levels of streams
◦ Position of trees, banks, hedges, bridges, culverts,
existing roads, power and pipelines, houses and
monuments
 The information from the survey is translated
into maps, profiles and cross-section using
route photographs and photogrammetric
methods, which can assist the engineer to
determine preliminary grades and alignment
and to prepare an approximate cost estimate.
 Two approaches are available for preliminary
survey mapping;

◦ Aerial surveys
◦ Ground surveys
 Usual horizontal maps scale limits are:
◦ 1 in = 400ft (in open country)
◦ 1 in = 100ft (in built up areas)
 Contour intervals of 10ft or 5ft are
usually suitable; occasionally 2ft
contours will be necessary for critical
areas such as interchange and bridges,
will have to map at larger scales
 The first step is to carry out the base line
traverse. This traverse must be simple and
series of connecting straight lines.
 In a flat or moderately rolling terrain, stations
at 100 ft intervals will usually be significant
but on rough ground, stations at intermediate
points may be necessary.
 Levels should always be referred to the
standard datum plan of the country.
 After the base line has been set and levels

run over it, the topography elevations may be


taken by one of the several methods.
 This survey serves the dual purpose of
definitely fixing the center line of the road,
while at the same time physical data is
collected which is necessary for the
preparation of plans for the construction.
Final Location Survey

Pegging the Central Line


Central Line Leveling
Cross Sections

Property Lines
Intersecting Roads
Ditches and Streams
 Central line pegs are usually placed at
every hundred feet at all intersections
and tangent points, and carried forward
continuously through curves and
tangents.
 Profile levels are taken along the central
line at each station and at all
intermediate points where there is any
significant change in slope of the
ground, so that a truly representative
profile is obtained.
 This profile should normally extends for
at least 150 yards beyond the beginning
and end points.
 Cross sections should be taken at each
station, point of significant change in
ground slope and for a reasonable
distance beyond the beginning and end
points of the projects.
 Cross sections are taken every 50 ft.

instead of 100 ft. and in a very rough


terrain intervals of 25 ft. may be
necessary.
 The positions of all property corner
lines, fences and other man-made
improvements are accurately
determined and noted down during the
final location survey.
 The direction with respect to the
pegged central line of all intersecting
roads should be measured.
 Profiles and cross sections of the

intersecting roads should be taken on


both sides of the new central line.
 All ditches and streams within the area
of construction should be carefully
located with respect to pegged central
line.
Phases of Location Survey in Urban Area

Combination of reconnaissance-preliminary survey

Final location survey


Location Survey in Urban Areas

 The final location survey is similar to


that described in a rural area for a
highway location survey.
 It is difficult to carry out.
 The principal difference is in the scale

of the aerial photographs and drawings


which is roughly double the scale of
their rural counter part, as greater detail
is required.
Location Survey in Urban Areas

Theoretical Steps

Area Reconnaissance Preliminary Final


Reconnaissance of feasible routes Survey Location Survey
Location Survey in Urban Areas

 The reconnaissance-preliminary survey


leading to the location and preliminary
design of major highway in an urban
area has been divided in to the
following inter related steps.
◦ Determine the approximate traffic load along
a general route suggested by traffic desire
lines.
Location Survey in Urban Areas

◦ Select the type of highway, the number of


lanes needed to accommodate the
approximate traffic load and the type of the
service to be provided.
◦ Make plan and field sketches to establish one
or more preliminary line that approximates
the desired line location, and make sketch of
preliminary design including interchange
location.
Location Survey in Urban Areas

◦ Assign traffic to one or more of the


selected locations to determine design
traffic volumes.
◦ Adjust line and complete sketch
preliminary plans for major alternate
locations.
◦ Analyze and compare alternative
locations for selection of the preferred
one, by making cost estimates,
analyzing road user benefits and
considering other controls and factors.

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