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Two-Tier and Three-Tier Architectures

The document discusses different database architectures including centralized databases with one to a few shared memory cores, client-server with one server executing work for multiple clients, parallel databases with many shared memory cores and disks, and distributed databases with geographical distribution and heterogeneity. It also describes two-tier and three-tier database applications. Finally, it provides a brief history of database systems from the 1950s to today including the development of relational databases, SQL, parallel and distributed databases, data warehousing, NoSQL and big data systems.

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Syed Muhammad Raza Syed Mohammad Azhar
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21 views

Two-Tier and Three-Tier Architectures

The document discusses different database architectures including centralized databases with one to a few shared memory cores, client-server with one server executing work for multiple clients, parallel databases with many shared memory cores and disks, and distributed databases with geographical distribution and heterogeneity. It also describes two-tier and three-tier database applications. Finally, it provides a brief history of database systems from the 1950s to today including the development of relational databases, SQL, parallel and distributed databases, data warehousing, NoSQL and big data systems.

Uploaded by

Syed Muhammad Raza Syed Mohammad Azhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Architecture

 Centralized databases
• One to a few cores, shared memory
 Client-server,
• One server machine executes work on behalf of multiple client
machines.
 Parallel databases
• Many core shared memory
• Shared disk
• Shared nothing
 Distributed databases
• Geographical distribution
• Schema/data heterogeneity

Database System Concepts - 7th Edition 1.1 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Database Architecture
(Centralized/Shared-Memory)

Database System Concepts - 7th Edition 1.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Database Applications

Database applications are usually partitioned into two or three parts


 Two-tier architecture -- the application resides at the client machine,
where it invokes database system functionality at the server machine
 Three-tier architecture -- the client machine acts as a front end and
does not contain any direct database calls.
• The client end communicates with an application server, usually
through a forms interface.
• The application server in turn communicates with a database
system to access data.

Database System Concepts - 7th Edition 1.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Two-tier and three-tier architectures

Database System Concepts - 7th Edition 1.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
History of Database Systems

 1950s and early 1960s:


• Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage
 Tapes provided only sequential access
• Punched cards for input
 Late 1960s and 1970s:
• Hard disks allowed direct access to data
• Network and hierarchical data models in widespread use
• Ted Codd defines the relational data model
 Would win the ACM Turing Award for this work
 IBM Research begins System R prototype
 UC Berkeley (Michael Stonebraker) begins Ingres prototype
 Oracle releases first commercial relational database
• High-performance (for the era) transaction processing

Database System Concepts - 7th Edition 1.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
History of Database Systems (Cont.)

 1980s:
• Research relational prototypes evolve into commercial systems
 SQL becomes industrial standard
• Parallel and distributed database systems
 Wisconsin, IBM, Teradata
• Object-oriented database systems
 1990s:
• Large decision support and data-mining applications
• Large multi-terabyte data warehouses
• Emergence of Web commerce

Database System Concepts - 7th Edition 1.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
History of Database Systems (Cont.)

 2000s
• Big data storage systems
 Google BigTable, Yahoo PNuts, Amazon,
 “NoSQL” systems.
• Big data analysis: beyond SQL
 Map reduce and friends
 2010s
• SQL reloaded
 SQL front end to Map Reduce systems
 Massively parallel database systems
 Multi-core main-memory databases

Database System Concepts - 7th Edition 1.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
End of Chapter 1

Database System Concepts - 7th Edition 1.8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan

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