MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

Definition: entomology
Science that study insects (Entomon = Insecta) and
other species belonging to Phylum Arthropoda, in
relation to health, and its control

Medical entomology
Study of vector, vector borne diseases and
abnormalities caused by insects
 Medical Entomology
Vector Phylum Arthropoda
 Vector are mostly insects  Multicellular animal
(metazoa)
which carry and transmit
disease agents from  Symmetric, bilateral
patient to healthy person;  Segmented body
or from disease sources to  Possess an exoskeleton
uninfected food or drinks  Appendages : antennae,
palpa etc.
 Medical entomology
Introduction

Metamorphosis
 Morphological changes and development in the
life cycle of Arthropods

Two type metamorphosis

 Complete metamorphosis
 Incomplete metamorphosis
 Medical entomology
ROLE OF ARTHROPODS

Insects may act as

 Vector/transmitter of disease agents
 As direct cause/etiology of disease or
injury

Two modes of transmission

 As mechanical vector
 As biological vector
Role as mechanical vector
disease agents do not develop or multiply inside the vector
Example : gastroenteritis agents in flies and cockroach
Transmission occurs through the proboscis, legs, body, wings

Role as biological vector

Disease agents develop or multiply inside the vector
Example :Plasmodium sp. at Anopheles sp.
Transmission occurs through the proboscis
As biological vector, disease agents are
transmitted by several modes:
 Propagative mode
 Cyclico propagative
 Cyclico developmental
 Transovarian/hereditary mode
Phylum Arthropoda, divide into 5 classes:
 Class Insekta
 Class Arachnida
 Class Crustacea
 Class Chylopoda
 Class Diplopoda

sometime Chylopoda dan Diplopoda merge in Myriapoda

Classification of insecta
There are 4 order in insecta that important:
- Order Diptera: mosquito, fly
- Order Hemiptera: cimex, triatoma
- Order Phtiraptera/Anoplura: tuma
- Order Siphonaptera: Pinjal
Mosquito
Life cycle
 Mosquito
Medical importance
1. Mosquito bites may cause urticaria, and dermatitis
2. As vector transmitter of many diseases :

Example :

Malaria (Plasmodium)
Main vectors of malaria in Jawa and Bali : Anopheles
sundaicus, A. aconitus, A. subpictus, A. maculatus, A.
balabacensis, A. sinensis.
Dengue (by Dengue virus)
- Vector: Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. scutelaris, Ae.
togoi

Yellow fever - by Yellow Fever virus

- Primary vectors : Aedes aegypti, Ae. simpsoni

Japanese B. encephalitis and St. Louis encephalitis

(by JBE and SLE virus)
- Primary vectors : Culex pipiens, C. tarsalis, Ae. togoi
Flies:
BLOODSUCKING FLIES

Family
Family Psychodidae Family Simuliidae
Ceratopogonidae/Heleidae
Genus Phlebotomus Genus Simulium = black
Genus Culicoides = midges
= Sandflies fly = buffalo gnats
= punkies

Family Tabanidae
Family Muscidae
Genus Tabanus = horse fly
Genus Glossina = Tsetse Flies
Genus Chrysops = deer fly
Genus Stomoxys = Stable Flies
Genus Hybomitra
 Flies
Phlebotomus sp.
Medical importance
 The bites may cause dermal papules, intense pain, itching,
nausea, fever, malaise
 As vector of the following diseases :
Kala azar
By Leishmania donovani

Oriental sore
By Leishmania tropica

American Leishmaniasis
By Leishmania braziliensis
 Flies
Culicoides sp.

Medical importance

 Painful bite, causing itch and fever

 Act as vector of disease (as intermediate host of Filarial
worm) :
 Culicoides grahami, and C.austeni, as vector of Acanthocheilonema
perstans
 Culicoides furens and C. paraensis as vector of Mansonella ozzardi
 Glossina sp.

Medical importance
As a vector African sleeping disease
 Trypanosoma gambiense, vector is Glossina palpalis
 Trypanosoma rhodesiense, vector is Glossina morsitans
 Family Sarcophagidae
Family Muscidae Meat flies
Musca domestica = House flies Characteristic : viviparous
Lay its larva on meat

Family Calliphoridae
Family Drosophilidae
Example : Chrysomyia bezziana
Species: Drosophila melanogaster
Specific Myiasis on open wound,
Also called fruit flies, may cause
nostril, ear holes (myiasis of the skin
accidental intestinal myiasis
and atrial openings)
 Musca domestica

Medical importance

- Adult flies may act as mechanical vector of many

disease agents : protozoa, worm eggs, bacteria, virus.
- Larva stage may invade human tissue causing a
disease called myiasis
 MYIASIS

Definition:
Infestation of human or animal tissue or organs
by maggot (larva stage) of certain non-biting flies

This larva live from tissue, body liquid, or food

from the hospes
 MYIASIS

Classification based on biological characteristics of larvae

 Specific/ Obligatory Myiasis

 Semi-specific/Facultative Myiasis
 Accidental Myiasis
Specific/Obligatory Myiasis
– Larva/maggot inhabit specific tissue of the host
– eggs laid on normal or damaged tissue (open wound)
– Example : Larva of Callitroga macellaria

Semi-specific/Facultative Myiasis
– Larva may adapt to living on human tissue, meat carcasses,
dead tissue, or rotten vegetables
– Example : Larva of Wohlfahrtia

Accidental myiasis
– Eggs laid on food/drinks. Developing larva accidentally
swallowed
– Example : Larva of Musca, Drosophila, Piophila
 Myiasis
Clinical classification based on organ habitat

 Myiasis of the skin

 Myiasis of the nasopharinx
 Myiasis intestinal
 Myiasis urogenital
 Myiasis of the eyes
Dermal Myiasis
– By larva of Wohlfahrtia vigil, Chrysomyia bezziana

Naso-pharyngeal Myiasis
– Larva of Chrysomya bezziana

Intestinal Myiasis
Accidentally ingesting food contaminated with eggs/larva of
flies
– Larva of Musca domestica, Piophila casei

Urogenital Myiasis
- Larva inhabits lumen of vagina
– Caused by larva of Musca and Chrysomya

Ocular Myiasis
– Certain eye infection may produce secrete which attracts
flies to lay eggs on the ocular tissue
– Example: myiasis by larva of Chrysomya fly
 MITES

Introduction

 Classified under ordo Acarina

 Causing acariasis
 Medically most important mites :
Family Sarcoptidae (Scabies mite)
Family Trombiculidae
 SCABIES MITES
 Etiology : Sarcoptes scabiei
 Family Sarcoptidae
 Order : Acarina
 Disease : scabies, sarcoptic mange
 Ectoparasite, inhabit the skin creating
tunnels under the stratum corneum
where female lay eggs
 Predilection sites : thin skin folds
(between fingers, armpit, wrist, genital
fold)
Source :A Colour Atlas of
Clinical Parasitology.
HOUSE DUST MITE
- Genus : Dermatophagoides
- Species : Dermatophagoides farinae
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus

Responsible for an allergic condition

 Known as House dust allergy
CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD
VECTOR
ERADICATION AND CONTROL OF
ARTHROPOD VECTOR
Objectives
 Decrease/suppress vector population, up to
an insignificant level in term of
epidemiology and spread of disease
 Avoid/minimize the frequency of contact
between vector and man

Terminology
 eradication (pemberantasan)
 control (pengendalian)
 Two methods of Vector control
 Natural Control
 Artificial/Applied Control

Natural control
In Natural control, the decrease in vector population is not
caused by human effort but due to ecological influence of :
 Existing natural barrier e.g. mountains, ocean, and
rivers which prevents movement of vector
 Seasonal changes : hot and cold weather, strong wind,
rain density which influence growth and development of
insects
 Natural predators of insects: birds, frogs, lizard
The natural control methods by nature influences the food supply and
the breeding sites  limits the amount of eggs hatching and the adults
from aging
 Artificial/Man-made control
control of vector population using various
efforts and methods :

Control of the environment

Chemical Control
Mechanical control
Physical Control
Biological Control
Genetic Control
Legal Control
1. Controlling the Environment

Two methods are commonly used to control the

environmental habitat of insects :
 Environmental modification: changing the physical
condition of the environment to prevent vector breeding
 Environmental Manipulation: cleaning, improving and
maintaining existing physical/environmental condition to
prevent vector resting and breeding

1. 1 Enviromental Modification :
 Controlling the flow of irrigation system, removing stagnant waters
 Cleaning of marshlands where mosquito breeds
 Landfill : burial of garbage and trash
 1.2 Environmental Manipulation :
 Prevents water plants from growing on lake fronts (eceng
gondok, algae and moss) to avoid breeding places for
Anopheles sundaicus

 Modify and control water salinity of brackish water in marshes

by adding river water to lower salinity and increase the outflow
to prevent breeding of brackish water breeder like Anopheles
subpictus, Anopheles sundaicus
 Removal of waterplants e.g. eichornia to provide direct sunlight
and prevent Mansonia larva from resting under the shade

 Maintain flow of water and prevent stagnant water used for

breeding site of Culex sp.
 2. Chemical Control
Chemicals are used for two purposes :
 To kill the insect : insecticides (cidal = eradicate, kill). Sometime the
term pesticide is used in place of insecticide Based on its target insects,
pesticides may be called ovicide, larvicide, adulticide or imagocide
 To prevent insect from attacking, called insect repellent (to repel = to
drive away, to ward off)

Example of the use of chemical as insect control :

 Apply thin film of used diesel oil or kerosene on water surface (marshy
swamps and water puddle) where larvae breeds, preventing larvae from
surfacing and getting oxygen from the air
 Apply larvicide such as powder abate (temephos) to water containers
 Apply herbicides to kill water plants where larvae hides from direct
sunlight
 Apply spraying and thermal fogging using residual types of insecticides
to kill adult mosquitoes
3. Mechanical Control
Use of mechanical mean to directly kill, prevent, or trap the insect :
 Use of bed nets or mosquito screen on door and windows
 Use of fly swatter

4. Physical Control
The use of physical means of control :
 Temperature : above 600 C or below freezing point will kill insect
 Artificial wind screen installed above the entrance door of
restaurants and hotels
 Yellow colored lights prevent insect from approaching
 5. Biological Control

The utilization of living organisms known to cause illness or death to insects

as mean of biological control by e.g. using parasites, bacteria, virus, fungus
or predators.
For example:
1. Nematode worms :
Romanomermis iyengari – known to penetrate body of larva mosquito, and
live as parasite inside the mosquito

2. Virus :
Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis control the larvae of butterflies

3. Fungi :
Coelomomyces stegomyiae infects Culex mosquitoes

4. Bacteria: against larvae of Anopheles and Aedes

- Bacillus thuringiensis - Bacillus sphaericus
5. Biological Control (cont’d)

5. Arthropods :
Arrenurus mandaraszi (aquatic mites), ectoparasite attacking newly hatched
adult mosquitoes

6. Protozoa : parasite of mosquitoes

- Pleisthophora culicis - Nosema algerae

7. Predator fish feeding on mosquito larvae :

- Panchac panchac (Ind.:ikan kepala timah)
- Lebistus recticularis
- Gambusia affinis (Ind.: ikan gabus)

Biological Prophylaxis

is another term used, meaning to redirect insect’s attention to another target.

By placing the cattle between the house and the mosquito breeding sites, man
is prevented from mosquito bites.
 6. Genetic Control
Manipulation of insect genes using various methods for the purpose of
replacing harmful insect population with harmless population e.g. by
manipulating the reproductive ability.

 Sterile Male Technique – using chemicals substance or radiation method to alter

the DNA chromosome of the sperms. The sterile male produced will in turn
produce another sterile generations.

 Radiation technique is used to alter the position, sequence and location of the
chromosome gene producing generation incapable of acting as vector of disease
(Chromosome Translocation)

- Inter-species cross breeding with the purpose of getting a hybrid male species
incapable of fertilizing its females (Hybrid Sterility)
 7. Legal Control
Government issue legislations to prevent dangerous insect vector
from crossing state borders or from one country to another,
carried by commercial transporters (cars, airplanes, ships)
e.g. quarantine regulations and monitoring in every airports and ship
havens or state borders, requirement to fumigate all airplanes using
insecticides, etc.
 ALHAMDULILLAAH

Thank you ………………….