Network Addressing

Lecture #
 Outline
• Why Addressing (done)
• Physical Addressing (On Progress)
• Logical Addressing
• Port Addressing
• Application Specific Addressing
 CLASSFUL
ADDRESSING
Occupation of the address space
In classful addressing the address space is
divided into 5 classes:

A, B, C, D, and E.
Finding the class in binary notation
Finding the address class
 Example 5

Show that Class A has

231 = 2,147,483,648 addresses
 Example 6

Find the class of the following IP addresses

00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

• 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

1st is 0, hence it is Class A
• 11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
1st and 2nd bits are 1, and 3rd bit is 0 hence, Class C
Finding the class in decimal notation
 Example 7

Find the class of the following addresses

158.223.1.108
227.13.14.88

Solution
• 158.223.1.108
1st byte = 158 (128<158<191) class B
• 227.13.14.88
1st byte = 227 (224<227<239) class D
Figure 4-6

Netid and hostid

Blocks in class A
Millions of class A addresses
are wasted.
Figure 4-8

Blocks in class B
Many class B addresses
are wasted.
Blocks in class C
 The number of addresses in
a class C block
is smaller than
the needs of most organizations.
 Class D addresses
are used for multicasting;
there is only
one block in this class.
Class E addresses are reserved
for special purposes;
most of the block is wasted.
Network Addresses

The network address is the first address.

The network address defines the network to the

rest of the Internet.
Given the network address, we can find the
class of the address, the block, and the range of
the addresses in the block
 In classful addressing,
the network address
(the first address in the block)
is the one that is assigned
to the organization.
 Example 8

Given the network address 132.21.0.0, find the

class, the block, and the range of the addresses

Solution
The 1st byte is between 128 and 191.
Hence, Class B
The block has a netid of 132.21.
The addresses range from
132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.
Mask

• A mask is a 32-bit binary number.

• The mask is ANDeD with IP address to get
• The bloc address (Network address)
• Mask And IP address = Block Address
Masking concept
AND operation
 The network address is the
beginning address of each block.
It can be found by applying
the default mask to
any of the addresses in the block
(including itself).
It retains the netid of the block
and sets the hostid to zero.
 Default Mak
• Class A default mask is 255.0.0.0
• Class B default mask is 255.255.0.0
• Class C Default mask 255.255.255.0
SUBNETTING
Subnetting

• Problem: Organizations have

multiple groups/entities within their
organization which are University Network
independently managed. Each
would prefer to manage their own Engineering Medical
IT facilities, i.e., own network School School
– Solution 1: Allocate to each
entity their own IP
network/domain Library
• Organization must own
multiple IP address
domains
• Expensive (each IP
domain costs money) and
cumbersome to manage
– Solution 2: Add another level Subnetting
of hierarchy to the existing IP
addressing structure
Basic Idea of Subnetting

• Split the host number portion of an IP address into a

subnet number and a (smaller) host number.
• Result is a 3-layer hierarchy

network prefix host number

network prefix subnet number host number

extended network prefix

• Then:
• Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization
• Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks
• Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization
A network with two levels of
hierarchy (not subnetted)
A network with three levels of
hierarchy (subnetted)
 Note
• Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from the
host part and add them the network part
Addresses in a network with
and without subnetting
Default mask and subnet mask
 Finding the Subnet Address

Given an IP address, we can find the

subnet address the same way we found the
network address. We apply the mask to the
address. We can do this in two ways:
straight or short-cut.
Straight Method
In the straight method, we use binary
notation for both the address and the
mask and then apply the AND operation
to find the subnet address.
 Example 9

What is the subnetwork address if the

destination address is 200.45.34.56 and the
subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?
 Solution

11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000

11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000

The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0.

Short-Cut Method
** If the byte in the mask is 255, copy
the byte in the address.
** If the byte in the mask is 0, replace
the byte in the address with 0.
** If the byte in the mask is neither 255
nor 0, we write the mask and the address
in binary and apply the AND operation.
 Example 10

What is the subnetwork address if the

destination address is 19.30.80.5 and the
mask is 255.255.192.0?
Solution

See next slide

Solution
Comparison of a default mask and
a subnet mask
The number of subnets must be
a power of 2.
 Example 11

A company is granted the site address

201.70.64.0 (class C). The company needs
six subnets. Design the subnets.

Solution
The number of 1s in the default
mask is 24 (class C).
 Solution (Continued)

The company needs six subnets. This number

6 is not a power of 2. The next number that is
a power of 2 is 8 (23). We need 3 more 1s in
the subnet mask. The total number of 1s in
the subnet mask is 27 (24 + 3).
The total number of 0s is 5 (32 - 27). The
mask is
 Solution (Continued)

11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000

or
255.255.255.224
The number of subnets is 8.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the
number of 0s) or 32.
See Next slide
Example 3
 Example 12

A company is granted the site address

181.56.0.0 (class B). The company needs
1000 subnets. Design the subnets.

Solution

The number of 1s in the default mask is 16

(class B).
 Solution (Continued)

The company needs 1000 subnets. This

number is not a power of 2. The next number
that is a power of 2 is 1024 (210). We need 10
more 1s in the subnet mask.
The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is
26 (16 + 10).
The total number of 0s is 6 (32 - 26).
 Solution (Continued)
The mask is

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

or
255.255.255.192.
The number of subnets is 1024.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 26
(6 is the number of 0s) or 64.
See next slide
Example 4
Special addresses
Network address
Example of direct broadcast address
Example of limited broadcast address
Examples of “this host on this network”
Example of “specific host on this network”
Example of loopback address
Category addresses
Addresses for conferencing
IPv6 - IP Version 6

• IP Version 6
– Is the successor to the currently used IPv4
– Specification completed in 1994
– Makes improvements to IPv4 (no revolutionary changes)

• One (not the only !) feature of IPv6 is a significant increase in

size of the IP address to 128 bits (16 bytes)
• IPv6 will solve – for the foreseeable future – the
problems with IP addressing
IPv6 vs. IPv4: Address Comparison

• IPv4 has a maximum of

232  4 billion addresses
• IPv6 has a maximum of
2128 = (232)4  4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion
addresses
Self Study

• Go and study about

Port addresses
Application specific Addresses

(Questions about them will be

there in final exam!!!!!!!)