STEAM & POWER

GENERATION
 GAS TURBINES
 A GAS TURBINE IS A MACHINE
WHICH TRANSFER FUEL ENERGY
INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY. BY
HEATING UP COMPRESSED AIR
AND EXPANDING IT IN NOZZLES,
AN OUTPUT SHAFT WILL DRIVE A
GENERATOR.
 POWER(29.5 %)

EXHAUST
FUEL GAS
(100 %) TURBINE HEAT
(67 %)

MISC.
(3.5 %)

OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE TYPICAL PERFORMANCE

 GAS TURBINES
 A GAS TURBINE CONSISTS OF COMPRESSOR,
COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND A TURBINE. THE AIR
FROM ATMOSPHERE THROUGH FILTERS IS
COMPRESSED IN 17 STAGE AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR
AND IS SUPPLIED TO COMBUSTION CHAMBERS WHERE
FUEL EITHER NAPHTHA OR NATURAL GAS IS BURNT.
THIS HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE GASES
EXPAND THROUGH TWO STAGE IMPULSE TURBINE.
THE PART OF WORK DEVELOPED BY TURBINE IS USED
FOR DRIVING THE AIR COMPRESSOR AND
ACCESSORIES AND THE REMAINING IS USED TO
GENERATE THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY. THE EXHAUST
GASES COMING OT OF TURBINE IS EITHER
EXHAUSTED TO ATMOSPHERE OR AFTER REMOVING
HEAT IN WASTE HEAT RECOVERY BOILER
GT Cutaway Showing Casing Cross Section
 GAS TURBINES
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

  THE GAS TURBINE WORKS ON

BRAYTON /JOULE CYCLE.
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS OF
GAS TURBINE IS REPRESENTED AS
FOLLOWS.
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS OF GAS
TURBINE
2 3
P
ba
r

4
1

V m3/kg
WHERE
1-2 COMPRESSION OF AMBIENT AIR
2-3 HEAT ADDITION AT CONSTANT PRESSURE
3-4 EXPANSION OF HOT GASES
END CONDITION: ATMOSPHERIC Pr. AND APPROX. 500 DEG C
 SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF GAS
TURBINE
INLET AIR 15 COMBUSTION CHAMBER
DEG C 1 BAR
FUEL

1 4
2 280 DEG 8 BAR
3

GENERATOR
COMPRESSOR TURBINE
 GAS TURBINE DETAILS

 MAKE : BHEL –GE

 MODEL : 51P
 MODEL NO. : PG5371P
CONTROL : SPEEDTRONIC
MARK IV
 ISO RATING ON
NG : 26.30 MW
DISTILLATE : 25.80 MW
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF GAS TURBINES
AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR
 FRAME V GAS TURBINE CONSIST OF 17 STAGE AXIAL
FLOW FOR COMPRESSING THE AIR.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER
 FRAME V GAS TURBINE CONSIST OF 10 COMBUSTION
CHAMBERS IN WHICH FUEL GET IGNITED IN TWO
CHAMBERS AND SCANNED IN TWO CHAMBERS IS
DESIGNED FOR EFFICIENT COMBUSTION.
TURBINE
 FRAME V GAS TURBINE CONSIST OF TWO STAGE
IMPULSE TURBINE AND IS DESIGNED FOR
EXTRACTING MAXIMUM WORK.
BEARINGS
 USES SLEEVE TYPE JOURNAL BEARINGS PLACED
NEAR ROTOR ENDS
 GAS TURBINE CONSIST OF FOLLOWING
SYSTEMS
STARTING SYSTEM:
CONSIST OF STARTING DIESEL ENGINE
TO WHICH A TORQUE CONVERTER IS
CONNECTED VIA A COUPLING AND
BEARING DEVICE THE AUXILIARY GEAR
BOX AND THE GAS TURBINE ARE DRIVEN.
 LUB OIL SYSTEM 
IS FOR SUPPLYING LUB OIL TO
BEARINGS AND AS A MOTIVE FLUID FOR
OPERATION OF CONTROL VALVES.
GAS TURBINE CONSIST OF FOLLOWING
SYSTEMS

FUEL GAS SYSTEM:

IS SUPPLYING THE GAS GAS TO
COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND IS CONSIST
OF GAS STOP VALVE AND GAS CONTROL
VALVES
LIQUID FUEL SYSTEM:
SUPPLIES THE LIQUID FUEL SYSTEM TO
COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND IS CONSIST
OF FUEL FORWARDING STATION, FUEL
SELECTION STATION, FLOW DIVIDER AND
ADDITIVE DOZING SKID.
GAS TURBINE CONSIST OF FOLLOWING
SYSTEMS
ATOMIZING AIR SYSTEM:
THIS SYSTEM IS FOR SUPPLYING THE
ATOMIZING AIR FOR LIQUID FUEL , AND IS
CONSIST OF A AUXILIARY GEAR DRIVEN
COMPRESSOR WHICH TAKES AIR FROM AXIAL
FLOW COMPRESSOR OUTLET AND SUPPLY IT
TO FUEL NOZZLE FOR ATOMIZATION. 
THE TRIP OIL SYSTEM:
THIS SYSTEM IS FED FROM MAIN LUB OIL
SYSTEM AND IS USED FOR OPERATION OF
MAIN FUEL TRIP OIL VALVES.
 GAS TURBINE CONSIST OF FOLLOWING
SYSTEMS
THE HYDRAULIC OIL SYSTEM:
THIS SYSTEM IS CONSIST HIGH PRESSURE
PUMP WHICH TAKES SUCTION FROM MAIN LUB
OIL SYSTEM AND IS USED IN THE OPERATION
OF SERVO VALVES LIKE GAS CONTROL VALVE
AND INLET GUIDE VANES ETC.
  THE COOLING WATER SYSTEM
THIS SYSTEM PROVIDES WATER FOR THE LUB
OIL COOLERS, ATOMIZING AIR COOLER AND
FOR STARTUP DEVICE JACKET COOLERS.
GAS TURBINE CONSIST OF FOLLOWING
SYSTEMS
THE COOLING & SEALING AIR SYSTEM:
THIS SYSTEM IS FED WITH COMPRESSOR AIR
WHICH IS TAKEN FROM THE COMPRESSOR ON
SEVERAL PLACES.VIA INTERNAL CHANNELING,
THIS AIR IS FED TO HOT PARTS AND BEARINGS OF
GAS TURBINES. VALVES, FILTERS AND PNEUMATIC
CYLINDERS ARE PART OF THIS SYSTEM.
VENTILATION SYSTEM:
THIS SYSTEM ENSURE PROPER FLOW OF AIR
THROUGH DIFFERENT COMPARTMENT AND IS
PROVIDED WITH INDUCED DRAFT VENTILATION
FANS.
GAS TURBINE CONSIST OF FOLLOWING
SYSTEMS

THE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM:

THE SYSTEM CONTAINS SEVERAL
TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
WHICH ARE ABLE TO ACTIVATE
THE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
VIA SPEEDTRONICS PANEL.
 MARK IV CONTROL SYSTEM

 GAS TURBINE MARK IV SPEEDTRONIC

CONTROL SYSTEM IS HAVING THREE
INDEPENDENT MICROPROCESSOR
CONTROLLERS. <R> <S> <T>.THE
SYSTEM CAN SAFELY WORK WITH TWO
OUT OF THREE CONTROLLERS. FOR
INTERFACING BETWEEN THESE
CONTROLLERS AND OPERATOR
MICROPROCESSOR BASED <C>
CONTROLLER IS USED.
 MARK IV CONTROL SYSTEM

 STARTUP CONTROL.
 SHUTDWON CONTROL
 SPEED CONTROL- DROOP /
ISOCHRONOUS
 TEMPERATUERE CONTROL
 INLET GUIDE VANE CONTROL
 LIQUID FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM
OPERATION OF GAS TURBINE:
GAS TURBINE GENERALLY OPERATES ON
FOLLOWING CYCLES
 OPEN CYCLE:
OPEN CYCLE IS ONE IN, WHICH FLUE GASES,
ARE DIRECTLY EXHAUSTED TO
ATMOSPHERE.
  COMBINED CYCLE:
IS A MODE OF OPERATION IN WHICH STEAM
GENERATED FROM HRSG IS USED TO
PRODUCE POWER THROUGH A STEAM
TURBINE DRIVEN GENERATOR.
 GAS TURBINE OPERATION
INCLUDES FOLLOWING CONTROLS

 STARTUP CONTROL
 
 SHUT DOWN
 
 OPERATION ON LOAD
 
ALL GAS TURBINE CONTROLS ARE THROUGH
SPEEDTRONICS MARK IV
  STARTUP CONTROL
GAS TURBINE CAN BE STARTED EITHER ON NATURAL
GAS OR ON HIGH SPEED DIESEL.
A NORMAL GAS TURBINE STARUP CYCLE TAKES
AROUND 10 TO 12 MINS AND FOLLOW FOLLOWING
STEPS
 CRANKING
 FIRE
 WARMING UP
 ACCELERATION
 FULL SPEED NO LOAD
AFTER REACHING FULL SPEED NO LOAD ie THE
RATED RPM OF GAS TURBINE, GENERATOR IS
LOADED.
IF GAS TURBINE IS STARTED ON HIGH SPEED DIESEL
FUEL IS TO BE CHANGED OVER TO NAPHTHA AT
AROUND 4 MW
  SHUT DOWN
GAS TURBINE CAN BE STOPPED EITHER ON NATURAL
GAS OR ON HIGH SPEED DIESEL BUT NOT ON NAPHTHA.
IF TURBINE IS ON NAPHTHA FUEL TO BE CHANGED
OVER TO HIGH SPEED DIESEL FUEL BEFORE GIVING
THE SHUT DOWN COMMAND.
A NORMAL GAS TURBINE SHUTDOWN CYCLE TAKES
AROUND 14 TO 16 MINS AND FOLLOW FOLLOWING
STEPS.
 FIRED SHUTDOWN
 FLAME FAILURE
 COASTING DOWN
AFTER REACHING THE ZERO TURBINE SPEED MACHINE
TO BE KEPT ON RATCHETING AT LEAST FOR 24 HRS.
 TURBINE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
 1.         OVER SPEED PROTECTION
 (a)       ELECTRONIC OVERSPEED(107%)
 (b)       MECHANICAL OVERSPEED(112.5%)
2.         VIBRATION PROTECTION
(25 mm/sec)
 3.        OVER TEMP. PROTECTION
4.        FLAME FAILURE PROTECTION
5. GENERATOR PROTECTION
GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE

GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE CAN

BE EVALUATED BY CALCULATING. 
 SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
IN SM3/MWH  
 HEAT RATE IN KCAL/KWH
 CO-GEN EFFICIENCY IN %
 MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING
GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE

• Ambient Temperature
• Altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL)
• Relative Humidity
• Inlet Pressure Loss
• Exhaust Pressure Loss
• Steam / Water Injection for NOX Control
• Type of Fuel
 PRESSURE DROP EFFECTS (FOR FRAME -5)

 4 INCHES H2O INLET DROP PRODUCES :

• 1.75% POWER OUTPUT LOSS
• 0.74 % HEAT RATE INCREASE
• 1.4 DEG.F EXHAUST TEMP. INCREASE
 4 INCHES H2O EXHAUST DROP PRODUCES :

• 0.71 % POWER OUTPUT LOSS

• 0.71 % HEAT RATE INCREASE
• 1.4 DEG.F EXHAUST TEMP. INCREASE
HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR

HRSG’s are installed to utilize hot exhaust

gases from Gas Turbine supplemented with
natural gas firing for generating Medium
Pressure Steam.
 HEAT RECOVERY BOILER SCHEMATIC

MEDUIM PRESSURE STEAM

FLUE GASES
MEDIUM PRESSURE FEED PUMP

MOTOR DRIVE
SATURATED
STEAM
FROM
DEAREATOR
DESUPERHEATER STEAM
DRUM
TURBINE DRIVE
SUPERHEATED
DOWNCOMER
STEAM

EVAPORATOR

DUCT BURNER
BYPASS
STACK
FLUE GAS FLUE GASES
RISERS
FROM GT
EXHAUST

SUPER HEATER ECONOMISER CHIMNEY

FEED WATER TO HEAT RECOVERY BOILER

DIVERTOR
DAMPER
 HRSG SPECIFICATIONS

 Type Natural circulation,

Water tube,Forced
Draft industrial Boiler.

Supplier Bharat Heavy Engineering

Limited (BHEL)

Number of Boilers Two

 HRSG SPECIFICATIONS

Evaporation Rate 70 Tons Per Hour

Max. Working Pressure 42 Kg/Cm2 (a)
Max. Working Temp. 4000C
Feed Water inlet Temp. 1260C
Draft Method Forced Draft
Firing Method Natural Gas Firing 
Calorific Value of NG(LCV) 8900 Kcal/Sm3