Chapter one

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence
 Objectives
• Definition of AI
• Can machines think?
• And if so, how?
• And if not, why not?
• And what does this say about human beings?
• And what does this say about the mind?
Human Intelligence
Human intelligence is the intellectual power of humans, which is marked by complex 
cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness
Human intelligence, mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from
experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and
use knowledge to manipulate one's environment.

Human Intelligence = Physical Intelligence +

Emotional Intelligence + Spiritual Intelligence + IQ
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines,
unlike the natural intelligence displayed humans and animals, which
involves consciousness and emotionality. 

AI = Physical Intelligence + IQ
• The automation of activities that we associate with human
thinking (e.g., decision-making, learning…)
• The art of creating machines that perform functions that
require intelligence when performed by people
• The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models
• The study of how to make computers solve problems which
require knowledge and intelligence
 Goals of AI

• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit

intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its
users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating
systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
Characteristics of Intelligent system
• Use vast amount of knowledge
• Learn from experience and adopt to changing environment
• Interact with human using language and speech
• Respond in real time
• Tolerate error and ambiguity in communication
Views of AI
Like
humans Well

GPS Rational
Think agents

Heuristic
Act Eliza
systems
 Like
humans Well

Thinking humanly: The Cognitive Modeling Think GPS Rational

agents
• Reasons like humans do
• Programs that behave like humans Act Eliza Heuristic
systems
• Requires understanding of the internal activities of the brain
• see how humans behave in certain situations and see if you could make computers
behave in that same way.
• GPS (General Problem Solver): Goal not just to produce humanlike behavior (like ELIZA),
but to produce a sequence of steps of the reasoning process that was similar to the steps
followed by a person in solving the same task.
• AI is the automation of activities that we associate with human thinking, activities like
decision making, problem solving, learning…
Example. write a program that plays chess.
• Instead of making the best possible chess-playing program, you would make one that
play chess like people do.
Acting humanly: The Turing Test Like
humans Well

Can machines act like human do? Think GPS Rational

agents
Can machines behave intelligently?
Heuristic
Act Eliza
• Turing Test: Operational test for systems

intelligent behavior
• do experiments on the ability to achieve human-level performance,
• Acting like humans requires AI programs to interact with people
• Behaviorist approach.
• Not interested in how you get results, just the similarity to
what human results are.
Thinking Rationally: The Laws of Thought Like
humans Well
• A system is rational if it thinks/does
Think Rational
the right thing through correct reasoning. GPS
agents

• AI is the study of mental faculties through Heuristic

Act Eliza
systems
the use of computational models.
• Develop formal models of knowledge representation, reasoning, learning,
memory, problem solving, that can be rendered in algorithms.
• Aristotle: provided the correct arguments/ thought structures that
always gave correct conclusions given correct premises.
• Abebe is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Abebe is mortal
• These Laws of thought governed the operation of the mind and initiated the
field of Logic.
 Acting rationally: The rational agent Like
• Doing the right thing so as to achieve humans Well

one’s goal, given one’s beliefs. Think GPS Rational

agents

• The right thing is that which is expected

Heuristic
to maximize goal achievement, Act Eliza
systems

given the available information.

• AI is the study and construction of rational agents (an agent that
perceives and acts)
• Rational action requires the ability to represent knowledge and
reason with it so as to reach good decision.
• Learning for better understanding of how the world works
Possible Approaches
Like
humans Well

GPS Rational
Think agents
AI tends to
work mostly
in this area
Heuristic
Act Eliza
systems
 Turing Test
• “ Can machines think?”  “can machines behave intelligently?”
The operational test for the intelligence behavior: the imitation game

• Three rooms contain a person, a computer, and an interrogator.

• The interrogator can communicate with the other two by teleprinter.
• The interrogator tries to determine which is the person and which is the machine.
• The machine tries to fool the interrogator into believing that it is the person.
• If the machine succeeds, then we conclude that the machine can think.
Advantages of AI
• Reduce human errors and perform various tasks with greater efficiency
by using intelligent systems.
• Intelligent systems can perform daunting tasks that are beyond human
reach. For ex; exploring ocean, performing various hard laborious task
with ease.
• Lot of applications has been developed using artificial intelligence.
iPhones Siri and Microsoft’s cortana developed on the phenomenon of
artificial intelligence. These are interactive robots that help you access
Smart phones.
Cont.…
• With the help of artificial intelligence technology one can develop
digital assistants that reduces man power. These assistants can
perform tasks at amazing efficiency.
• In medical field Radio surgery has been used for tumor treatments
developed using artificial intelligence.
• Use artificial intelligence and improve productivity, efficiency and
accuracy of your products.
Disadvantages of AI
Artificial Intelligence looks promising and it’s quite futuristic. It’s being
implemented slowly in many fields. There are many drawbacks of artificial
intelligence, that are;
• Artificial intelligence is slowly making its way into real time applications.
AI offers great prospects but it’s really expensive. Small organizations
can’t afford High end machines, softwares, resources required for
implementing AI.
• Artificial intelligent systems might replace humans in performing task in
terms of productivity, but they can’t take decisions. Robots can’t decide
what is right or what is wrong.
Cont.…
• With intelligent systems, you won’t get creative with everyday
experience. Humans tend to show creative ideas with every day
experience.
• Replacing humans with intelligent systems might increase
unemployment that lead to poor GDP.
Foundations of AI
 History of AI
• Formally initiated in 1956 and the name AI was coined by John
McCarthy.

• The advent of general purpose computers provided a vehicle

for creating artificially intelligent entities.
• Used for solving general-purpose problems
 …
• Development of knowledge-based systems: the key to power
• Performance of general-purpose problem solving methods is
weak for many complex domains.
• Use knowledge more suited to make better reasoning in narrow
areas of expertise (like human experts do).
• Early knowledge intensive systems include:
• The Dendral program (1969): solved the problem of inferring molecular
structure (C6H13NO2).
• MYCIN (1976): used for medical diagnosis.
• etc.
 …
• Shifts from procedural to declarative programming paradigm.
• Rather than telling the computer how to compute a solution, a
program consists of a knowledge base of facts and relationships.
• Rather than running a program to obtain a solution, the user asks
question so that the system searches through the KB to determine
the answer.
• Simulate human mind and learning behavior (Neural
Network, Belief Network, Hidden Markov Models, etc. )
 Applications of AI
• Natural Language Processing
• Expert Systems
• Robotics
• Speech Recognition
• Hand Written Recognition
• Vision Systems
How to make computers act like humans?
The following sub-fields are emerged
• Natural Language processing (enable computers communicate in human language,
English, Amharic, ..)
• Knowledge representation (schemes to store information, both facts and inferences,
before and during interrogation)
• Automated reasoning (use stored information to answer questions and to draw new
conclusions)
• Machine learning (adapt to new circumstances and accumulate knowledge)
• Computer vision (recognize objects based on patterns in the same way as the human
visual system does)
• Robotics (produce mechanical device capable of controlled motion; which enable computers to
see, hear & take actions)
• Is AI equals human intelligence ?
 Programming paradigms
• Each programming paradigms consists of two aspects:
• Methods for organizing data/knowledge,
• Methods for controlling the flow of computation
• Traditional paradigms:
Programs = data structure + algorithm
• AI programming paradigms:
Programs = knowledge structure + inference mechanism
 Sub-fields of Artificial Intelligence
• AI now consists many sub-fields, using a variety of techniques, such
as:
• Neural Networks – e.g. brain modeling, time series prediction, classification
• Evolutionary Computation – e.g. genetic algorithms, genetic programming
• Vision – e.g. object recognition, image understanding
• Robotics – e.g. intelligent control, autonomous exploration
• Expert Systems – e.g. decision support systems, teaching systems
• Speech Processing– e.g. speech recognition and production
• Natural Language Processing – e.g. machine translation
• Planning – e.g. scheduling, game playing
• Machine Learning – e.g. decision tree learning, version space learning
 Discussion
Human Intelligence Vs Artificial Intelligence
Many Thanks!