Road accidents, Rail accidents,

Air accidents, Sea accidents

 Accident
Common Causes of all type of Accidents
 
Shortcuts
Overconfidence 
Poor, or Lack Of Housekeeping
Starting a Task Before Getting All Necessary Information 
Neglecting Safety Procedures 
Mental Distractions 
Lack of Preparation 
 Road accidents

Most common causes of accident

• Substance abuse
• Speeding
• Road layout and conditions
• Vehicle failure
• Driver's fault
Preventive measure for road accident:
• Pull into traffic slowly. Stop, Look, Listen.
• Watch for red light runners.
• Keep at least one hand on the steering wheel.
• Watch for kids.
• Perform engine maintenance regularly.
• Scan 12 seconds ahead.
• Look backwards when backing out.
• Do not tailgate.
 Train/railroad accidents
Common causes of train accidents
• Mechanical failure
• Human error
• Weather conditions
• Train Crashes
• Poor design of railroad crossing leading to limited operator
vision
• Failure to blow horns at required distances
• Trains running beyond speed limits
• Failure to trim plants and vegetations that obscure train paths
• Malfunctioning crossing arms, warning bells and warning lights
• Absence of crossing guards at dangerous intersections, especially
at locations where there is a history of previous crashes
 Preventive measure for train accident
• Never walk on or along railroad tracks—trespassing is illegal!
• Always look out for warning signs and signals.
• Always assume there is a train coming, as trains can run on any track at any time.
• Be aware that trains cannot stop quickly. The average freight train traveling 55 miles
per hour takes a mile or more to stop.
• Only cross tracks at designated crossing areas, and always look both ways before
crossing.
• Never try to beat a train across the tracks. There is no reason to risk your life for a
few extra minutes.
• Be aware that some vehicles, like school buses, commercial buses and trucks carrying
hazardous materials, must always come to a full stop at railroad crossings. (State laws
vary.)
• It might look easy and fun in the movies, but it is extremely dangerous to attempt to
jump on board a moving train. A minor slip could lead to a lost limb or even death.
 Air accidents

Descent and landing accidents

descent, approach, landing, go-around or
aborted landing, and taxi
36 percent
Common causes for air accidents:
•  
Pilot Error
Half of all plane crashes are caused by pilot error.
Mechanical Error
The second most common cause of plane crashes is mechanical error, which
accounts for about 22% of all aviation accidents.
Weather
Around 12% of all plane crashes are caused by weather conditions.
Sabotage
Plane crashes that are caused by sabotage draw the most media attention, but
they only account for about 9% of total plane crashes. Some sabotaged flights
crash because of hijackers, and of course the most notable examples are the
three flights that were hijacked on September 11th. 
Other Human Error
The bulk of the remaining plane crashes, about 7%, are caused by other kinds
of human errors. Some plane crashes are inadvertently caused by 
air traffic controllers.
 Preventive measure for air accident
• Proposed precautions against airliner sabotage
• Stress on airworthiness and plane maintenance
• Steps to curtail accidents due to bad weather
• Improvement of traffic control and landing aids
• Improving aviation safety systems and improving services
– New Air Navigation System
– Enhancing air traffic services
• Improving airspace
– Airspace on sea
– Airspace around airports
• Improving airports
– Improving major airports in large cities
– Improving airport safety technology
•
• Strengthening supervision system for air transport companies
• Improving the skills of aviation workers
• Improving guidance on accident prevention of small aircraft
 Sea accident
Causes of sea accidents
• Collisions
• Grounding - Sea Empress oil spill occurred on
15 February 1996
• Oil spills
• 706 million gallons of waste oil enter the ocean every
year
The reasons for oil spills are
– Ship groundings
– Improper Transporting
– Pipeline breaks
– Overfilling of gas tanks
– Leaking underground storage tanks
– Parking lots during rain storms
– Bilge pumping from ships
– People making mistakes or being careless.
– Equipment breaking down.
 Effect of oil spills
• Effects of oil spills on habitats
• Economic effects
• Effects of oil on the ocean
– Coral reef impact
• Effects of spills on wildlife
– Behavioral changes
– Blindness
– Damage to internal organs
– Spread to other habitats
– Sores
– Stress
 Preventive measure for sea accident

 Working system and preparation

 Planning for cargo oil operations 
 Pre-safety meeting 
 Effective communication 
 Promote techniques of hazard prediction training 
 Preparation of Watch schedule & pic of oil transfer operations
 Have a complete meeting beforehand with terminal 
 Cargo oil transfer check lists 
 Ship / Shore safety checklist 
 Pre arrival checks 
 Transfer of duty in conscientious manner 
 Check operational conditions and training of crew