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Lecture 13 Sampling

Sampling involves selecting a subset of individuals from within a population to gather data and make inferences about the entire population. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling, where every member of the population has a known chance of being selected; and non-probability sampling, which does not use random selection. The main steps in sampling include defining the population, selecting a sampling frame, choosing a sampling design such as simple random or stratified sampling, determining an appropriate sample size, and executing the sampling process.

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Hadi Raza
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16 views

Lecture 13 Sampling

Sampling involves selecting a subset of individuals from within a population to gather data and make inferences about the entire population. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling, where every member of the population has a known chance of being selected; and non-probability sampling, which does not use random selection. The main steps in sampling include defining the population, selecting a sampling frame, choosing a sampling design such as simple random or stratified sampling, determining an appropriate sample size, and executing the sampling process.

Uploaded by

Hadi Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling

Sampling: The process of selecting a sufficient


number of elements from the population, so that
results from analyzing the sample are
generalizable to the population.

“Sampling is the act, process, or technique of


selecting a suitable sample, or a representative
part of a population for the purpose of determining
parameters or characteristics of the whole
population.” 
2
Sampling
 The process of using a small number of
items or parts of a larger population to
make conclusions about the whole
population.
 The purpose of sampling is to enable
researchers to estimate some unknown
characteristics of the population.

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Population
 The Population refers to the entire group of
people, event or things of interest that the
researcher wishes to investigate. It is the group
of people, event of things of interest for which
the researcher wants to make inferences (based
on sample statistics).
 A complete group of entities sharing some
common set of characteristics.
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Sample
 A sample is a subset of the population. it
comprises some members selected from
it.
 In statistics a sample is a subset of a
population that is used to represent the
entire group as a whole. 
 An element is a single member of the
population.
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Statistics versus Parameters

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Reasons for sampling
The reasons for using a sample, rather than
collecting data from the entire population, are
self-evident.

In research investigations involving several


hundreds and even thousands of elements, it
would be practically impossible to collect data
from, or test, or examine every element.

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Reasons for sampling
Even if it were possible, it would be prohibitive in
terms of time, cost, and other human resources.
Study of a sample rather than the entire
population is also sometimes likely to produce
more reliable results.
This is mostly because fatigue is reduced and
fewer errors will therefore result in collecting
data, especially when a large number of
elements is involved.
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Advantages of Sampling
1. Low cost of sampling
• If data were to be collected for the entire population, the
cost will be quite high. A sample is a small proportion of a
population. So, the cost will be lower if data is collected
for a sample of population which is a big advantage.
• 2. Less time consuming in sampling
• Use of sampling takes less time also. It consumes less
time than census technique. Tabulation, analysis etc., take
much less time in the case of a sample than in the case of
a population.

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Advantages of Sampling
• 3. Scope of sampling is high
• The investigator is concerned with the generalization of
data. To study a whole population in order to arrive at
generalizations would be impractical.
• Some population are so large that their characteristics could
not be measured. Before the measurement has been
completed, the population would have changed. But the
process of sampling makes it possible to arrive at
generalizations by studying the variables within a relatively
small proportion of the population.

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The Sampling Process
Major steps in sampling:
1. Define the population.
2. Determine the sample frame (A list of all elements or
other units containing the elements in a population )
3. Determine the sampling design
4. Determine the appropriate sample size
5. Execute the sampling process

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Define the Population

Sampling begins with precisely defining the


target population. The target population must
be defined in terms of elements, geographical
boundaries and time.

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Determine the sample frame
 The sampling frame is a (physical)
representation of all the elements in the
population from which the sample is draw.

 The list of elements from which a sample may be


drawn; also called working population.

2
Determine the sampling design
There are two major type of sampling design:
Probability and non probability sampling.

In Probability sampling every individual has an


equal chance of being selected.

In other words, probability sampling every


member of the population gets a fair chance of
selection which is not in the case with non-
probability sampling.  2
Determine the appropriate sample size

The decision about how large the sample size should be


it can be very difficult. We can summarize the factors
affecting decision on sample size.
1. The research objective
2. The confidence interval
3. The amount of variability in the population itself
4. The cost constraints
5. In some case the size of the population itself
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1
5

Sample Size for a Given


Execute the sampling Process

This is the last stage of sampling


process.

It means implementation of sampling


process and use it in the research study

2
Sampling Techniques

 Probability versus non-probability


sampling

 Probability sampling: elements in the


population have a known and non-
zero chance of being chosen

2
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling

Simple Systematic Stratified


Cluster
Random Random Random
Samplin
Samplin Sampling Sampling
g
g
Proportional Nonproportional
Sampling Sampling

Advantage: W h e n d o n e c o r r e c t l a small percentage of the


y which
population can be selected , saves both time and money
without sacrificing accuracy.

Disadvantage: Population characteristics may be over- or


under-represented, leading to a generalization of results beyond
the characteristics of the sample. This puts the validity at risk.
Acknowledgments to Gill Hendry
Nonprobability
Sampling

Convenience Purposeful Quota


Sampling
Sampling Sam Sam pling Sampling

Advantages:
• Easy to administer

• Less costly and time consuming

Disadvantages:
• The generalizability of the findings are limited to the
characteristics of the subjects in the sample.
• The sample may be biased.
Sampling Techniques
 Probability Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
 Systematic Sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
 Nonprobability Sampling
 Convenience Sampling
 Purposive sampling
 Judgment Sampling
 Quota Sampling
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Non-Probablity sampling
Convenience sampling:
As its name implies, convenience sampling refers to
the collection of information from members of the
population who are conveniently available to provide
it.
Convenience sampling is most often used during
the exploratory phase of a research project and is
perhaps the best way of getting some basic
information quickly and efficiently.

2
Purposive sampling
Instead of obtaining information from those who
are most readily or conveniently available, it might
sometimes become necessary to obtain information
from specific target groups. The sampling here is
confined to specific types of people who can provide
the desired information, either because they are the
only ones who have it, or conform to some criteria
set by the researcher.

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2
3

Overview
Quiz
What is sample, sampling and its type and process.

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