Calculations Used in

Analytical Chemistry
Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., Holler, F.J., and
Crouch, S.R. (2004). Fundamentals of
Analytical Chemistry, 8th Ed. Brooks/Cole,
U.S.A.
Some important units of measurement

 SI Units – International System of Units

 This system is based on 7 fundamental units

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Some important units of measurement

 The angstrom units, A is a non-SI unit of length that

is widely used to express the wavelength of very
short radiation such as X-rays (1 A = 0.1 nm = 1010
m)

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Some important units of measurement

 To express small or large measured quantities in

terms of a few simple digits, prefixes are used with
this base units and other derived units

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Some important units of measurement

 Units of mass  Units of volume

 Kilogram (kg)  Liter (L) – SI unit
 Gram (g)  Milliliter (mL)
 Milligram (mg)  Microliters (L)
 Microgram (g)  1 L = 103 m3
 1 mL = 106 m3 or 1
cm3

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The distinction between
mass and weight
 Mass is an invariant measure of the amount of
matter in an object
 The mass of an object remains constant regardless of
where it is measured
 Weight is the force of attraction between the object
and its surroundings, the earth
 Gravitational attraction varies with geographical location
 Weight of an object depends on where it is weighed
 Attractive force is smaller at higher altitude
 At the poles, the attractive force increases with latitude

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The distinction between
mass and weight

 Weight and mass are related by the expression:

w = mg
 w = weight of the object, m = mass, g = the
acceleration due to gravity
 A balance is used to compare the mass of an object
with the mass of one or more standard masses

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The distinction between mass and weight
is often lost in common usage

 Weighing is the process of comparing masses

 Weights refer to the objects of known mass as well
as the results of weighing
 Weigh – the act of determining the mass of an
object
 Weights – means the standard masses used in
weighing
A chemical analysis is always based on mass

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The mole (mol)
 The SI unit for the amount of a
chemical species
 1 mol = 6.022×1023
(Avogadro’s no.) of particles
 The molar mass (M) of a
substance is the mass in grams
of 1 mol of that substance
 Calculated by summing the atomic
masses of all the atoms in a
chemical formula

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Calculation of molar masses

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Challenge
 Show that the following
interesting and useful
relationship is correct:

1 mol of atomic mass

units = 6.022×1023
amu = 1 g

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The millimole
 1 mmol = 103 mol
 The mass in grams of a millimole, the
millimolar mass (mM) = 1/1000 of molar
mass

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Calculating the amount of a
substance in moles or millimoles

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Calculating the amount of a
substance in moles or millimoles

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Solutions and their concentrations

 Molar concentration, cs
 The number of moles of a chemical species X in 1
L of a solution (not 1 L of solvent)
 Molarity, M, in moles per liter (molL1) is the unit
of molar concentration
 Molarity also expresses the number of millimoles
of solute per milliliter of solution

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Solutions and their concentrations

 Analytical molarity
 The total number of moles of a solute, regardless
of its chemical state, in 1 liter of solution
 Species a recipe by which the solution can be
prepared
 Example: a H2SO4 solution that has an analytical
concentration of 1.0 M can be prepared by
dissolving 1.0 mol or 98 g, of H2SO4 in water and
diluting it to exactly 1.0 L

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Solutions and their concentrations
 Equilibrium molarity
 Expresses the molar concentration of a particular
species in a solution at equilibrium
 How does the solute behaves when dissolved in a
solvent?
 Example: H2SO4 is entirely dissociated into a
mixture of H+, HSO4, and SO42 and no H2SO4 is
present

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Solutions and their concentrations

 Percent concentration

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Solutions and their concentrations
 Weight percent (w/w)
 Expresses the concentration of commercial aqueous reagents
 70% HNO = 70 g HNO per 100 g solution
3 3
 Volume percent (v/v)
 Specifies the concentration of a solution prepared by diluting a
pure liquid compound with another liquid
 5% aqueous CH OH solution is prepared by diluting 5.0 mL pure
3
CH3OH with water to give 100 mL
 Weight/volume percent (w/v)
 Indicates the composition of dilute aqueous solutions of solid
reagents
 5% aqueous AgNO is prepared by dissolving 5 g of AgNO3 in
3
water to give 100 mL solution
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Solutions and their concentrations
 Parts per million and parts per billion
 For very dilute solutions

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Solutions and their concentrations
 Solvent-diluent volume ratios
 1:4 HCl solution contains 4 volumes of water for
each volume of concentrated HCl
 p-Functions
 Expresses the concentration of a species in terms
of its p-function, or p-value
 p-value is the negative logarithm (to the base 10)
of the molar concentration of that species

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Density and specific gravity of
solutions
 Density
 Expresses the mass of a substance per unit
volume
 SI units: kg/L or, alternatively, g/mL
 Specific gravity
 Ratio of the mass of a substance to mass of an
equal volume of water at 4C

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Chemical stoichiometry
 The stoichiometry of a reaction is the
relationship among the number of moles of
reactants and products as shown by a
balanced chemical equation
 Empirical formula gives the simplest whole
number ratio of atoms in a chemical
compound
 Molecular formula specifies the number of
atoms in a molecule
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Chemical stoichiometry
 Two or more substances may have the same
empirical formula but different molecular
formulas
 CH2O
 Formaldehyde
 C2H4O2, acetic acid
 C3H6O3, glyceraldehyde
 C6H12O6, glucose

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Chemical stoichiometry
 The empirical formula is obtained from the
percent composition of a compound
 The molecular formula requires, in addition,
the molar mass of the species
 Structural formula reveal structural
differences between compounds that are not
shown in their common molecular formulas
 C2H5OH (ethanol) and CH3OCH3 (dimethyl
ether)
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Stoichiometric calculations
 A balanced chemical
equation gives the
combining ratios, or
stoichiometry–in units
of moles–of reacting
substances and their
products

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Stoichiometric calculations

 Flow diagram for making stoichiometric calculations. (1 ) When the

mass of a reactant or product is given. the mass is first converted to
the number of moles, using the molar mass. (2) The stoichiometric
ratio given by the chemical equation for the reaction is then used to
find the number of moles of another reactant that combine with the
original substance or the number of moles of product that form. (3)
Finally, the mass of the other reactant or the product is computed
from its molar mass.
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Chem 20 Analytical Chemistry Quiz

 Exactly 0.2220 g of pure Na2CO3 was

dissolved in 100.0 mL of 0.0731 M HCl.
 What mass in grams of CO2 were evolved?
 What was the molarity of the excess reactant
(HCI or Na2CO3)?
 What volume of 0.01000 M AgNO` would be
required to precipitate all of the I in 200.0
mL of a solution that contained 24.32 ppt KI?

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