Parts of Speech KIPS Academy (Free Download)
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AyshahPARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
• The word noun comes from a Latin word which means ‘Name’.
• Noun a word that is used for a creature or a thing, existing in fact or in thought.
NOUNS
Concrete Abstract
Nouns Nouns
Proper Common
Nouns Nouns
Countable Uncountable
Nouns Nouns
Concrete Nouns
• Physical Existence
• A noun that refers to what is viewed as material entity including
people, animals, and physical items that we can perceive through
our senses.
• Items that can you see (sun), touch (chair) smell (jasmine),
hear (roar) or taste (salt)
• For example,
Things, people, animals, places, chair, table, book, mosque
Abstract Nouns
• No Physical Existence
• A noun that denotes something viewed as non material referent.
• Abstract nouns are intangible concepts.
• It includes Feelings, Ideas, State, Quality, or Action.
• For example,
Quality: Cleverness, Honesty, Softness, Darkness, Wisdom, Beauty
State: Poverty, Sickness, Sorrow, Slavery
Action: Laughter, Decision, Inspection
Names of different arts and sciences are also abstract nouns.
• Poverty destroyed her youth and beauty.
Common Nouns
• Common Nouns are general names
• Common means shared by all, generally known or ordinary.
• They are not capitalized.
• For example,
man/woman
city/country
school/college/university
religion
language/nationality
day/month
Proper Nouns
• A proper noun is one’s own name, not shared with any of its class.
• Proper noun names a specific and unique person, place, thing or idea or anything
particular and is not common
• First letter of proper nouns is capitalized.
• Proper nouns are not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifiers as
any or some.
• For example,
Ali
Pakistan
University of Oxford
Islam/Hinduism
English/Pakistani/Indian
Monday/September
Examples
• America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air
forces of the Empire of Japan.
• Canada is a country whose main exports are hockey players and
cold fronts. Our main imports are baseball players and acid rain.
On Sunday, Gaffar and his friends went to the beach.
Compound Nouns
• Made up of two or more than two existing words
• For example
Friendship
Notebook
Playground
Seafood
Starlight
Cupboard
Collective Nouns
• A word used to define a group of objects where objects can be
people, animals, inanimate things, concepts or other things
• For Example
A pride of lions
An army of soldiers
A team of players
A jury of judges
Simple Collective Nouns
• Unity = Single group (is)
• Disagreement = Members’ separation (are)
• Team, class, staff, army, crowd, jury
• The Jury is united in its decision
• The Jury are divided in their decision.
•
• The herd is grazing in the field
• The herd are running in opposite directions after seeing the wolf.
Fixed Collective Nouns
• Fixed Plural = plural verb is used
• Police, Clergy, People, Cattle, Vermin, Flora, Fauna, Personnel, Poultry,
Gentry
• The cattle were gazing in the field.
• The clergy of 14th century are considered corrupt.
• The police are chasing the thief.
• Punjab police is being revolutionized.
• The gentry always enjoy the summer because of not having financial issues.
• Vermin are the pests that spread diseases and destroy crops or livestock
Countable Nouns
• Can be counted
For example: book, pen, buildings, students
What can one use with countable nouns?
How many…?
Few, A few, The few
Many, a lot of
More
Fewer
Uncountable Nouns
• Cannot be counted
• For Example: water, coffee, sugar, gold
How can one measure uncountable nouns?
Liters, kilograms, pounds, ounces, glass, cup, tablespoons etc.
What can one use with countable nouns?
Little, a little, the little
Much, a lot of
More
Less
Uncountable Nouns (rules)
• Uncountable nouns are not used with a, an or words which have singular or
plural meanings (many, two, these, another)
She needs an information. (incorrect)
She needs some information. (correct)
• Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form.
Where can we put all the furnitures? (incorrect)
Where can we put all the furniture? (correct)
Uncountable Nouns (rules)
• The verb is singular after uncountable nouns
The traffic seem to get worse everyday. (incorrect)
The traffic seems to get worse everyday. (correct)
• The names of illnesses are usually uncountable in English including
those ending in ‘s’
Measles is dangerous disease for children.
Toothache, earache, stomach ache, back ache (UNCOUNTABLE)
Minor ailments like a cold, a sore throat, a headache
(COUNTABLE)
VERBS
A Verb is part of speech that expresses existence, action or
occurrence of a subject or an object.
Stative Verbs
• Express situation
• Includes be, have, feelings, thoughts, senses and possession
• For example
I have a family.
Julia likes chocolates.
This coffee tastes delicious.
I think it’s a good idea.
This car belongs to me.
Action Verbs / Dynamic Verbs
• Express physical activities and process
• For example
Children are playing in the park.
Who is shouting?
He sent the message.
Mother locked the room.
The hunter killed the tiger.
Main Verbs and Helping Verbs
• Main verbs include ACTION VERBS and LINKING VERBS
• HELPING VERBS are the helpers of the main verbs.
• For example
Mike plays cricket.
Mike is a good boy.
Mike is playing cricket.
I don’t play cricket every weekend.
We have visited the UK four times.
Sensuous Verbs
• Includes the five senses
• SENSUOUS ACTION VERBS act as action verbs
• SENSUOUS LINKING VERBS act as linking verbs in a sentence.
• For example
The dish tastes (is) delicious.
The cook tastes every dish before serving.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
• TRANSITIVE VERBS are followed by a direct object.
• INTRANSITIVE VERBS are not followed by a direct object.
• For example
He runs a school. A school is run by him.
He goes to school.
He examined the accounts. The accounts were examined by him.
He went into the accounts.
The peon is ringing the school bell. The school bell is being rung by the peon.
The telephone is ringing.
Modal Verbs
• Can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must
• Help us express the mood or the attitude of the speaker.
• For example
He might win the match. (possibility)
My sister can play the guitar. (ability)
You must not smoke here. (permission)
You should work hard. (suggestion)
Regular and Irregular Verbs
Infinitive (base) Present Past Past participle
To + Verb(1st)
To cook Cook/cooks Cooked Cooked
To go Go/goes Went Gone
to read Read/reads Read Read
PRONOUN
A word substituting for a noun
Pronoun
• Ali works with Fatima. Ali likes working with
Fatima. Ali and Fatima do many projects
together.
• Ali works with Fatima. He likes working with her.
They do many projects together.
Personal Pronouns
Subject Object Possessive
(no apostrophe)
I Me My, mine
We Us Our, ours
You You Your, yours
He Him His, his
She Her Her, hers
It It Its, its
They Them Their, theirs
Personal Pronouns
• Examples:
I saw Fatima yesterday.
Fatima saw me yesterday.
This is our house.
This house is ours.
• Noun/Pronoun + I/me
Mike and I study together
The boss gave project to Mike and me.
Reflexive Pronouns
• Reflect back to the subject of sentence
• Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves
I saw me/myself in the mirror.
We are going to paint the house by us/ourselves.
Students who cheat exams cheat them/themselves.
For more information, please feel free to write to me/myself
any time.
Indefinite Pronouns
• Indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not
specified person or thing.
• Any-family, some-family, no-family, every-family, each, either, neither
• For example
There is a party at our place on Saturday night, and everybody is welcome.
No one knows the answer to that question.
You look worried. Is something wrong?
Neither of the two teams was able to score a goal.
Interrogative Pronouns
• Interrogative pronouns introduce questions
• What, which, whom, who, where
• Who vs whom
Fatima visited her friend Ali at the hospital.
______ visited Ali at the hospital last week?
______ did Fatima visit at the hospital?
Relative Pronouns
• Relative pronouns relate the relative clause to another clause
• Who, whom, which, whose
• Who and Whom (humans), Which (Non humans), Whose (possession)
• For example
This is the judge who punished the thief.
This is the thief whom the judge punished.
This is the car which runs fast.
This is the poet whose poems are famous.
Reciprocal Pronouns
• A reciprocal pronoun refers to an antecedent in the plural and
expresses a mutual relationship.
• Each other, one another
• For example
Ali and Asad play with each other.
Ali, Asad and Akram fight with one another.
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Coordinate Adjectives
• Coordinate adjectives refer to adjectives that can be
written in any order, and are usually separated by a
‘comma’ or the word ‘and’.
• They belong to the same category of adjectives.
• For example,
The words heavy and huge
He was carrying a huge, heavy stone.
Cumulative Adjectives
• Cumulative adjectives refer to adjectives that fall under
different categories, often don’t use commas, and follow
adjective order as in the adjectives used in the sentence.
• For example
He was a young French man.
Determiners
• Determiners and adjectives are related in such a way that they
both modify a noun or a noun phrase.
• ARTICLES (a, an, the)
• QUANTIFIERS (how much, how many)
• DEMONSTRATIVES (these, that, those)
• POSSESSIVES (my, his, mine, your, our)
• INTERROGATIVES (what, which, whose)
Common types of Adjectives
• Comparative adjectives: comparison of two different things (larger,
taller, cheaper)
• Superlative Adjectives: comparison of more than two people/things
(fastest, oldest, smartest, least confusing, most impressive)
• Adjectives of Quality: material, color, age, origin, size, quality (big,
honest, hardworking, black)
• Adjectives of Quantity: (much, little)
• Adjectives of Numbers:
• Indefinite Numerals: (many, few)
• Distributive Numerals: (each, every)
• Definite Numerals: (cardinals, ordinals)
Common types of Adjectives
• Compound adjectives: formed from multiple words connected by hyphens (never-
ending, better-off)
• Proper adjectives: formed from proper nouns (Russian, American, Shakespearian,
Victorian)
• Participial adjectives: words ending with –ed or –ing (flowing water, painted walls)
• Attributive adjectives: attributive adjectives come directly before or after nouns
(blue sea, beautiful handwriting, something special)
• Predicate adjectives: follow linking verbs (Andrea is tall. The steak looks
delicious.)
Adverbs
Adverbs provide a deeper description of a verb, adjectives and
other adverbs
Types of Adverbs
• Adverb of Time (when) now, yesterday, tomorrow, later,
recently
• Adverb of Manner (how) cheerfully, happily, carefully,
badly, easily
• Adverb of Degree (level of intensity) hardly, simply, so,
quite
Types of Adverbs
• Adverb of Place (where) here, there, nowhere,
everywhere, above, downstairs, inside, outside
• Adverb of Frequency (how often) never, always,
sometimes, seldom, rarely
• Adverb of Purpose (why) to keep in shape, to stay in
peace
Example: Ma-Pla-Fre-Ti-Pu
• Ali swims skillfully in the pool everyday
manner place frequency
at 9 o’clock to keep in shape.
time purpose
