DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (MATERIAL)
DJB 5053 COMPOSITES & ADVANCED
MATERIALS
www.pis.edu.my
OPTICAL FIBERS
Prepared By:
Suria Mohd Samdin (2017)
peneraju ilmu sejagat 1
Chapter Outline:
6.1 Understand optical fibers
6.2 Understand application of optical fibers
Definition of Optical Fibers
Generally made of glass.
Transmit light along its axis, by the process of total internal reflection.
Light propagates mainly along the core of the fiber.
It has 3 main parts:
The core (carries the light signals).
The cladding (keeps the light in the core).
The coating (protects the cladding).
The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cladding layer, both of which
are made of dielectric materials.
Definition of Optical Fibers
An optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection.
Light rays are reflected and guided down the length of an optical fiber.
The acceptance angle of the fiber determines which light rays will be
guided down the fiber.
Cylindrical dielectric waveguide (non-conducting waveguide).
Optical fibers are divided into two types called single-mode and
multi-mode.
Types of Optical Fibers:
SINGLE-MODE FIBER
Transmits one signal per fiber (used in telephone and cable TV).
Small core (9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from laser.
Expensive but allow much longer and higher performance links.
Types of Optical Fibers:
MULTI-MODE FIBER
Transmits many signals per fiber (used in the computer networks).
It has larger cores (62.5 microns per diameter) and transmit infra-red
light from LED.
Multi-mode distortion (limits the bandwidths and length of the links).
It is expensive because of higher dopant content.
Total internal reflection in optical fiber
Applications of Optical Fibers:
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Fiber Optic Communication is a communication technology that uses
light pulses to transfer information from one point to another through an
optical fiber.
The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to
carry information.
The major driving force behind the widespread use of fiber optics
communication is the high and rapidly increasing demand for more
telecommunication capacity and internet services.
Fiber optic technology is capable of providing the required information
capacity.
Applications of Optical Fibers:
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Its advantages are:
Low attenuation.
High reliability.
Low interference.
High security.
Longer life span.
High information capacity.
Used widely in public network field (junction network and local access
network), field of military applications, civil, consumer and industrial
applications and field of computers.
Applications of Optical Fibers:
OPTIC SENSOR
Optic sensor is a dielectric cylindrical waveguide made from low-loss
materials, usually silicon dioxide.
The core of the waveguide has a refractive index a little higher than that
of the outer medium (cladding), so that light pulses are guided along the
axis of the fiber by total internal reflection.
The Endoscope
There are two optical fibres
One for light, to illuminate the
inside of the patient
One for a camera to send the
images back to the doctor.
Key hole surgery
Applications of Optical Fibers:
OPTIC SENSOR
It is a spin-off from other optical technologies in sensing applications.
Its advantages are:
Electromagnetic immunity.
Electrical isolation.
Compact and light.
Both point and distributed configuration.
Wide dynamic range.
Amenable to multiplexing.
Two main categories: Extrinsic sensors and Intrinsic sensors.
Applications of Optical Fibers:
OPTIC SENSOR
Extrinsic sensors are where the light leaves the feed or transmitting
fiber to be changed before it continues to the detector by means of the
return or receiving fiber
Intrinsic sensors are different in that the light beam does not leave the
optical fiber but is changed whilst still contained within it.
Differences:
Extrinsic sensors Intrinsic sensors
Used in temperature, pressure, liquid Used in rotation, acceleration, strain,
level and flow. Less sensitive, less acoustic pressure and vibration. More
expensive. Easily multiplexed. Easier to sensitive, more expensive. Reduces
use. connection problems. More elaborate
signal demodulation.
Applications of Optical Fibers:
OPTIC SENSOR
Application of optic sensor:
Chemical sensors
▪ Remote spectroscopy, groundwater and soil contamination.
Temperature sensors
▪ Largest commercially available sensors, range about -40C to 1000C.
Military and law enforcement
▪ Enables low light imaging without the limitations of vacuum tube based systems.
• Optical fiber have wider range of application in almost all field, i.e. in medical,
electronics, military etc .some are been specified below
• Medical
• Military
• Electronics
IBM microprocessors
