ME 101

ENGINEERING

D R AW I N G
Module # 08
SECTIONAL VIEWS
 Learning Objectives

• Students should be able to learn

1. Some basic information about Sections
2. Types of Sectional views
 Sectional Views

• Internal hidden details of the object are shown in orthographic views by dashed lines.
• The intensity of dashed lines in orthographic views depends on the complexity of
internal structure of the object.
• It will become more and more difficult to visualize the shape of the object as the
number of dash lines in orthographic views goes on increasing.
• The numbers of dashed lines make the drawing unnecessarily complicated and
confusing to interpret.
• Therefore, the general practice is to draw sectional views for complex objects in
addition to or instead of simple orthographic views.
 Sectional Views

• A sectional view or section looks inside an object.

– Sections are used to clarify the interior construction of a part that can not be clearly
described by hidden lines in exterior views.

– A sectional view, is obtained by taking the section of the object along a particular
plane.
– An imaginary cutting plane is used to obtain the section of the object.
– The part of the object between the observer and the imaginary cutting plane is
assumed to be removed and the view of the cut object thus obtained is called the
section view.
 Sectional Views

• Section views are an important aspect of design and documentation and are used to
improve clarity and reveal interior features of parts and structures.
• Section views also are used in the ideation and refinement stages of engineering design
to improve the communications and problem-solving processes.
 Necessity of a Section View
Given

Orthographic
projection Orthographic
Section projection
principle
technique principle

Yes

Internal features
make a view
difficult to read
or dimension?

No

Finish
 Example
• Clarify an internal feature.
• Facilitate dimensioning.

Regular
view

Section
view
Basic Components
 Cutting Plane

• Cutting plane is an imaginary plane that cuts through the object.

– A section view is obtained by viewing the object after removed the cover up part in
the direction normal to the cutting plane.
– Location and direction of a cutting plane depend on a hidden feature that is needed
to be revealed.
– (Phantom line type)
 Cutting Plane

Cutting
plane

Section view
 Section Example
Sectional view label

Notice how the

cut material is
shown.

Notice how the

cutting plane is
indicated.
 Cutting Plane Line
• In an orthographic view, a cutting plane is presented as a “cutting plane line, CPL” and
is drawn in either of an adjacent view of the section view.
Direction 1 Direction 2 Direction 3
Given

CPL

Section
view

Section Section
CPL view view
 Lines Used in Section Views

• Section Lines: Section lines are used to indicate where the cutting plane cuts the
material.
– Section lines are thin lines.
– Section line symbols are chosen according to the material of the object.
– Section lines are generally drawn at a 45 angle.
Lines Used in Section Views

Shows where Section

the part is being Lines
cut.

Arrows point to
the portion being
kept.
 Lines Used in Section Views

• Common Section Line Symbols

 Lines Used in Section Views
• The cutting plane line is presented by a chain line.
• Begin and end the line with a short visible line.
• Draw an arrow at about the mid-length of a short visible line, the arrow head is
pointed toward to this line in a viewing direction.
• When the line changes its direction, draw a short visible line at that corner.
Examples
1 3
Viewing
direction

2
 Class Activity
Do you find something wrong in the following cutting plane lines?

1
Yes Right!
No Wrong!
(The arrow on the right side
should be pointed downward)

2
Yes Right!
No Wrong!
(The arrow head have to
touch the short visible line)

3
Yes Right!
No Wrong!
(Because the cutting plane line used
in this course is a chain line )
 Section Lining

• The spacing between lines may vary from 1.5 mm for small sectioned areas to 3 mm for
large sectioned areas.
Examples Poor Practices

Too dense Too coarse

Uneven spacing Uneven orientation

 Section Lining

Crosshatch spacing will vary according to the drawing size. Space

the crosshatching by “eye” when drawing
 Section Lining
• It should not run parallel or perpendicular to contour of the view.
Poor Practices
Examples
 Section Lining

• When the sectioned area is large, an outline sectioning may be used to save time.
Section View Rules
 Rules of Sectioning

• Rule 1:
A section lined area is always completely
bounded by a visible outline.
• Rule 2:
The section lines in all areas should be
parallel.
– Section lines shown in opposite
directions indicate a different part.
 Rules of Sectioning

• Rule 3: All the visible edges behind the

cutting plane should be shown.
• Rule 4:
Hidden features should be omitted in all
areas of a section view.
– Exceptions include threads and broken
out sections.
 Conventional Practice: Treatment of a
Hidden Line
• Hidden lines are usually omitted within the
section lined area.

Hidden lines
present.

Hidden lines
are omitted.
Methods / Types of Sectioning
 Methods / Types of Sectioning

Following are the list of section views.

1. Full section 7. Removed section

2. Half section 8. Assembly section

3. Offset section 9. Thin wall section

4. Aligned Section 10. Auxiliary section

5. Broken-out section 11. Enlarged section

6. Revolved section 12. Rib and Web Sections

 1. Full Section

• When the cutting plane extends entirely through an object, the resulting section is a full
section.
• Figure shows a Multiview drawing with a cutting plane on the top view, and the
corresponding full sectional view in the front-view position.
• Full sections of a front view will place the cutting plane on either horizontal (top) views
or vertical (profile) views.
• In architectural drawings, a full-section top view is called a plan view or floor plan.
• A full section for a profile view is an elevation section.
• Used in many cases to avoid having to dimension hidden lines.
 1. Full Section

Full-section working drawings for a jig base

1. Full Section
1. Full Section – A Closer Look
Exercise
FULL SECTION
 Exercise

• Given the top and right side views, sketch the front view as a full section.
– The material used is steel.
Fill in the visible lines in the front full
sectional view
Fill in the visible lines in the front full
sectional view
Fill in the section lines in the front full
sectional view
Fill in the section lines in the front full
sectional view
Section lines are
bounded by Visible features
visible lines behind the cutting
plane are shown.
 2. Half Section

• A half section exposes the interior of one half of

an object while retaining the exterior of the other
half.
• Half-sections are prepared for symmetrical
objects where the details on both sides of a
centerline are identical.
• Two perpendicular cutting plane lines, one on the
vertical plane and one on the horizontal plane,
define the section area.
• These align with centerlines and remove an
imaginary quarter of the object.
 2. Half Section

Half-section working drawing of a

belt pulley
2. Half Section
Exercise
HALF SECTION
 Exercise

• Given the front and right side views, sketch the top view as a full section and create a
half sectioned front view.
– The material is brass.
Fill in the visible lines in the top full
section view.
Fill in the section lines in the top full
section view.
Fill in the visible lines in the right side
half section view.
Fill in the section lines in the right
side half section view.
 Center line divides
the halves

No hidden lines
 3. Offset Section

• A cutting plane normally extends through an

object in a straight line.
• However, a straight cutting plane may miss
key features that should be shown for
maximum clarity.
• When this occurs, An offset section is
produced by bending the cutting plane to
show features that don’t lie in the same
plane.
 3. Offset Section

• The cutting plane line in Figure a is offset to align with a countersunk hole, a
counterbored hole, and a slot, none of which fall on a straight line.
• When offsetting cutting plane lines, always bend the line at right angles to the cutting
plane and perpendicular to the plane of projection.
• Note that the bends in the cutting plane are never shown in the sectioned view (Figure
b).
 3. Offset Section

Figure a – Offset-section working Figure b – The edge of the offset section

drawing of a jig bearing locator is not shown in the section view
 3. Offset Section

Edge views of
the cutting plane
are omitted
Exercise
OFFSET SECTION
 Exercise

• Given the front and top views, sketch the three missing section views in their
appropriate places. The material is cast iron.
 4. Aligned Section

• Similar to the offset section, the aligned section cutting plane line staggers to pass
through offset features of an object.
• Normally the change in direction of the cutting-plane line is less than 90 o in an aligned
section. When this section is taken, the sectional view is drawn as if the cutting plane is
rotated to a plane perpendicular to the line of sight as shown in Figure.
• A cutting-plane line is always used when the cutting plane is bent or offset or when the
sectional view is nonsymmetrical.
 4. Aligned Section

Aligned section. The cutting-plane line offsets using less than 90o turns to go through offset
features on the part. The cutting plane is rotated to align with the viewing plane to create the
sectional view.
 5. Broken-out Section
• When only a small part of an object needs to be sectioned, a broken-out section of
that part is prepared.
– Hidden lines are shown in the non-sectioned area of a broken section.
• An irregular short break line separates the sectioned area from the remainder of the
drawing.
• Figure a shows a broken-out section in both pictorial and orthographic views.
• Note how a broken-out section facilitates the dimensions to visible lines in Figure b.
 5. Broken-out Section

Figure a – Broken-out section Figure b – A broken-out section will permit dimensioning to

working drawing of a sleeve bearing object lines instead of hidden lines
5. Broken-out Section

Conventional Practices
The sectioned and unsectioned
portions are separated by
a break line.

Break line is freehand drawn

as a thin continuous line (4H).

Cutting plane line is not

necessary.
 6. Revolved Section
• Sectional views are often revolved 90° to reveal a section of an object perpendicular to
the plane of projection.
• In visualizing a revolved section, imagine a cutting plane passing through an object
creating a slice of the object. Now imagine rotating the slice 90°. The rotated slice is a
revolved section.
• Some revolved sections break the object to show the section, and others show the
section directly on the view.
 6. Revolved Section

Example of a revolved section in a working Two methods for drawing revolved

drawing and an isometric drawing section views for a jackhammer chisel
 6. Revolved Section

b
 6. Revolved Section

Break Superimposed
6. Revolved Section
 7. Removed Section

• When sections are drawn in a location other

than in one of the six Multiview positions, they
are removed sections.
• Sections are often removed to be drawn at a
different scale or to dimension some portion in
detail.
• When sections are removed, they must be
indexed to a cutting plane line containing
identifying letters.
Removed sections in a drawing of a
spindle arbor
7. Removed Section
 7. Removed Section

Revolved
section
Removed
section
 7. Removed Section

A B

B
Section A–A Section B–B
A

Removed section: Alternative placement of a view

 Comparison
Revolved section Removed section
 8. Assembly Section

• One common use for sectional drawings is to

show the assembly of parts.
• When multiple-part assembly drawings are
sectioned, the adjoining parts are section
lined at different angles.
• Figure shows an example of an assembly
section with multiple parts sectioned.

An assembly section drawing depicting

multiple sectioned parts of a model
airplane motor
 9. Thin Wall Section

• The outlines of ribs, spokes, and other thin walls are

drawn on sectional views.
• However, section lining is not added to these parts.
• Figure shows an example of a typical thin wall
section for a corner bracket.
• Materials too thin to section with crosshatching, such
as paper and sheet metal, are sectioned solid.

Thin wall section for a corner bracket

 10. Auxiliary Section

• Most sectional views are aligned with the normal

planes of projection.
• Auxiliary sections should be aligned with the
projection lines of the auxiliary views.

Auxiliary section for a locking lever arm

10. Auxiliary Section
 Conventions of Revolution

• Features are revolved to the projection plane, and then projected over.
Exercise
AUXILIARY / ALIGNED SECTION
 Exercise

• Given the front and unrevolved right side views, sketch the right side view as an
aligned section using the conventions of revolution. The material is cast iron.
Fill in the visible lines in the sectional
view.
Fill in the section lines.
Notice how much clearer the sectional
view is.
 11. Enlarged Section

• Sectional details are often too small to be

interpreted and dimensioned.
• In such a case, enlarged sections are prepared
to clarify details and for ease of dimensioning.

Enlarged section of a screw adjuster

 12. Rib and Web Sections

• To avoid a false impression of thickness

and solidity, ribs and webs are not No section lines in
sectioned. cut area of web

Cutting plane
passes through
the web
 12. Rib and Web Sections

• If the cutting plane passes crosswise

through the rib or web, we include Section lines in cut
section lines. area of web

Cutting plane
passes through the
web
 Non – Sectioned Parts

• It is common practice to show standard parts 'in the round' or un-sectioned.

– Nuts
– Bolts
– Rivets
– Shafts
– Screws
 Exercise 01
• Sketch the sectional view as indicted. The material of the part is steel.
Solution
THANK YOU!
for your attention