Scope of Anthropology,
Sociology, and Political Science
MODULE 1
Mary Grace M. Payaoan, LPT
HSU, SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
Change is inevitable;
change is constant.
- Benjamin Disraeli
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
✔ Discuss and understand the nature, definition,
goals, different fields, and perspectives/of
anthropology, sociology, and political science.
How did the pandemic change your:
1. Way of Life
2. View of the World
3. Priorities in Life
4. Relationship with others
ANTHROPOLOGY
The holistic study of humanity
ANTHROPOS - Humans and their culture (Greek)
ANTHROPOLOGIA -the study of humanity (Latin)
Considered the Father of all Behavioral and Social Science.
ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology is the study of human beings and
their ancestors through time and space in relation
to their physical character, environment, social
relation, and culture.
• Anthropologist is a person
engaged in the practice of
anthropology.
• Ethnography – the research
method use by anthropologists.
A long term-participant
observation. FELIPE LANDA JOCANO
(February 5, 1930 – October 27, 2013)
Franz
BOAS
A German-American anthropologist
known as the Father of Modern
Anthropology he focused his study
on HISTORICAL PARTICULARISM
and CULTURAL RELATIVISM.
HISTORICAL
PARTICULARISM
It means that each society is
considered to have a unique
form of culture and its own
unique historical
development.
CULTURAL
RELATIVISM
is the notion that a culture
should be understood on its
own terms, not by using the
standards of another culture.
Always remember that…
The concept of RIGHT and WRONG are
culture-specific; what is considered moral in
one society may be considered immoral in
another, and, since no universal standard of
morality exists, no one has the right to judge
another society’s customs.
POLYANDRY
A form of polygamy in
which a woman takes
two or more husbands
at the same time.
HIMALAYAN TRIBE WHERE BROTHERS SHARE A WIFE.
https://guardian.ng/life/himalayan-tribe-where-brothers-share
-a-wife/
, 2018
Lewis Henry Alfred
MORGAN & KOEBER
Both of them
believed that
cultural
understanding is
equivalent to the
promotion of
cultural
consciousness.
FIELDS
ANTHROPOLOGY
OF
FIELDS of ANTHROPOLOGY
1 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Origins of humans (Homo
Sapiens as biological beings in Tabon Man
the past and present) as well as 14,500 B.C. Skullcap and
the interplay between social 29,000 B.C. Jawbones
factors and the processes of
human evolution, adaptation,
and variation over time.
67,000 yr. old Foot Bone of Callao Man
FIELDS of ANTHROPOLOGY
2 MAJOR AREAS OF BIOLOGICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
• Paleoanthropology
• Primatology
FIELDS of ANTHROPOLOGY
CULTURAL
2 ANTHROPOLOGY
Cultural variations across
different societies and
examines the need to
understand each culture in
its own context.
FIELDS of ANTHROPOLOGY
2 CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Ethnography
-Study of culture, subculture/microculture based
on fieldwork.
Ethnology
-analyzes the characteristics of various people.
FIELDS of ANTHROPOLOGY
3 ARCHAEOLOGY
• The study of past human
cultures through their tangible
and intangible remains.
• It is the study of past human
cultures through the recovery
and analysis of artifacts.
MANUNGGUL JAR
• A secondary burial jar
excavated from a
Neolithic burial site in
the Tabon Caves in
Palawan, 890-711 BCE
MAITUM JAR
• A secondary
anthropomorphic burial
jars was discovered in
1991 in Ayub Cave,
Maitum, Sarangani
Province, 5BC-225AD.
FIELDS of ANTHROPOLOGY
4 LINGUISTICS
Study of languages
which regards it as a
foundation of culture.
Descriptive & Historical Linguistics
AIMS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Analyze and explain the similarities
and difference of man’s culture.
2. Evaluate man’s cultural development
based on archaeological records.
3. Analyze biological evolution of man
based on fossil records.
4. Explain human biological diversity.
SOCIOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY
Study of the Social World
Social behavior
Systematic manner
It enables us to gain an understanding of how
the social world operates and our place in it.
HISTORY OF
SOCIOLOGY as SCIENCE
Social, Political, and Economic Revolution
French Revolution Industrial Revolution
1789 18th Century
EARLY THINKERS
in SOCIOLOGY
August
COMTE
(1798-1857)
He derived the word “sociologie” in
1830 by bringing together the
Greek word socius or “companion”
and the Latin word “logy”.
Father of Sociology
AUGUST COMTE (1798-1857)
• Known as the Father of Sociology and his Law of Human
Progress or Law of Three Stages.
RULED OR DOMINATED DOMINATE SOCIAL
STAGES TIME PERIOD
BY UNIT
Theological Stage
*phenomenas explained in From the dawn of Priests
Family
religious terms Man Military
Metaphysical Stage
*phenomenas explained Middle Ages Churchmen
State
philosophically Renaissance Lawyers/bankers
Positive Stage
*phenomenas explained Industrial Administrators
Industrialization Society/Race/ Humanity
scientifically Scientific Moral Guides
Harriet
MARTINEAU
(1802-1876)
An English author of her famous book
“Observe Morals and Manners” (1838),
deep sociological insights are known as
ethnographic narratives can be fully
expressed. Founding Mother
of Sociology
She highly advocated “Cultural Relativism”.
Herbert
SPENCER
(1820-1903)
He advocated Social Darwinist Views in
his works. He viewed society as a living
organism. Social problems work
themselves out to a process known as
“Survival of the Fittest”.
Karl
MARX
(1818-1883)
He introduced the materialist analysis
of history or Historical Materialism
and Struggle among Social Classes.
Also, he was the forerunner of Conflict
Theory stated in his book Communist
Manifesto.
Emile
DURKHEIM
(1864-1920)
He pioneered the use scientific
method in studying society and
believed that society is held together
by shared values, languages, and
symbols.
.
Max
WEBER
(1864-1920)
He stressed the role of
rationalization in the development
of society and advanced the
concept of VERSTEHEN or empathic
understanding.
Bureaucratic Model/Legal-Rational Model
GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Describe the structure,
function, pattern, and process
of human social behavior.
2. Explain the causes and effects
of human social behavior.
3. Predict the development of
human social behavior.
Political Science
Deals with the study of politics,
power, and government.
POLITICS
-a process of making collective decisions in a
community, society, or group through the application
of influence and power.
POLITICS as a
CONCEPT
CONFUCIUS HERODOTUS ARISTOPHANES
Moral and Tyranny is Lysistrata-
ethical issues against the rule anti-war play that
about of law depicts
authority Peloponnesian
War
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Systematic study of politics.
Nicollo Machiavelli Thomas Hobbes John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau
It focuses on the fundamental values of equality, freedom, & justice as well as the
dynamics of conflict, resolution, and cooperation.
POLITICS is linked to
POWER
POWER means
BEING IN CONTROL
“Who is in charge?”
6 POWERS
For Leaders
COERSIVE REFERENT
REWARD INFORMATIONAL
LEGITIMATE EXPERT
COERCIVE
use of force
REWARD
the exchange for doing something
LEGITIMATE
formalized way of ensuring
REFERENT
attract and build loyalty
INFORMATIONAL
use of information to persuade
EXPERT
level of expertise
INFLUENCE means
establishing effective relationship
4 COMPONENTS
of INFLUENCE
3. Expertise
1. Positional Power An individual’s knowledge about a
The position needs to be
certain area gives confidence to
recognized.
people to believe
2. Emotion 4. Non-Verbal Signals
Through passion, one can sweep Indicators on how to match
others and can possibly move up with others.
their decisions.
AUTHORITY means
exercise of POWER &
INFLUENCE
3 TYPES According to Max Weber
of AUTORITY
CHARISMATIC
TRADITIONAL
LEGAL-RATIONAL
Types of Major
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
ANARCHISM
It connotes “no government”
manifests the idea that nobody can be
constrained to perform any acts
CAPITALISM
It connotes “no government”
manifests the idea that nobody can be
constrained to perform any acts
COMMUNISM
It connotes “no government”
manifests the idea that nobody can be
constrained to perform any acts
SOCIALISM
The idea that everything should be
owned and regulated by the
community
FACISM
It exalts nation and often races above
the individual, advocates authoritarian
ultranationalism headed by a dictator.
FIELDS of POLITICAL SCIENCE
INTERNATIONAL
1 RELATIONS
4 PUBLIC POLICY
COMPARATIVE
2 POLITICS
2 PUBLIC LAW
3 POLITICAL ECONOMY
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
Deals with the relations between states. Scholars
who study international relations try to understand
the causes of wars, economic dependencies, and
political alliances between nations.
COMPARATIVE
POLITICS
It looks at how politics is similar or different
between countries. It compares many aspects of the
politics of one country with the politics of another
country.
POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHY
Deals with ideas. It is concerned with the way the
state and society ought to be organized and the way
citizens ought to behave.
Example: The ideas of Socialism, Communism,
Capitalism, etc.
PUBLIC POLICY
Deals with making and implementing public policies
in certain areas such as public health, public
housing, education, agriculture, economy, etc.
How are public policies made? How are they applied to
areas of social life?
PUBLIC LAW
Concerns with how laws are interpreted and used
and how they affect people and social life.
GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. Make people better citizens.
2. Keep social order and harmony
among groups of people.
3. Protect the rights of an individual.
4. Avoid conflict and promote
cooperation.
REMEMBER
• Anthropology is the study of human beings and
their ancestors. It focuses on CULTURE.
• Sociology is the study of social interactions, social
life, social change, and social causes and effects. It
focuses on SOCIETY.
• Political Science It is the systematic study of
government, politics, and political power. It
focuses on POLITICS.
Any Question/s?
• What is the relationship between
culture, society, and politics?
• How does one affect the other?
• Can you cite situation/s where
these relationships can be seen?
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
REFERENCES
Atienza M.E., et al. (2016). UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, &
POLITICS for Senior High School. C&E Publishing Inc.
