Chapter 2 Elementary Programming

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 Motivations
In the preceding chapter, you learned how to
create, compile, and run a Java program. Starting
from this chapter, you will learn how to solve
practical problems programmatically.
Through these problems, you will learn Java
primitive data types and related subjects, such as
variables, constants, data types, operators,
expressions, and input and output.
Java comes with 8 primitive data types that split
into four categories to handle simple data values:
Integers, floating points, characters, truth values; Integers hold number values that cannot have a fractional part.
There are four different types: byte, short, int, & long
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 Objectives
 To write Java programs to perform simple calculations (§2.2).
 To obtain input from the console using the Scanner class (§2.3).
 To use identifiers to name variables, constants, methods, and classes (§2.4).
 To use variables to store data (§§2.5-2.6).
 To program with assignment statements and assignment expressions (§2.6).
 To use constants to store permanent data (§2.7).
 To declare Java primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, and char
(§§2.8.1).
 To use Java operators to write numeric expressions (§§2.8.2–2.8.3).
 To display current time (§2.9).
 To use short hand operators (§2.10).
 To cast value of one type to another type (§2.11).
 To compute loan payment (§2.12).
 To represent characters using the char type (§2.13).
 To compute monetary changes (§2.14).
 To represent a string using the String type (§2.15).
 To become familiar with Java documentation, programming style, and naming
conventions (§2.16).
 To distinguish syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic errors and debug errors (§2.17).
 (GUI) To obtain input using the JOptionPane input dialog boxes (§2.18).

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 Listing 2.3 - Computing Average
1 import java.util.Scanner; // Scanner is in the java.util package
3 public class ComputeAverage {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 // Create a Scanner object
6 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
7
8 // Prompt the user to enter three numbers
9 System.out.print("Enter three numbers: ");
10 double number1 = input.nextDouble();
11 double number2 = input.nextDouble();
12 double number3 = input.nextDouble();
13
14 // Compute average
15 double average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3;
16
17 // Display result
18 System.out.println("The average of " + number1 + " " +
19 number2 + " " + number3 + " is " + average);
20 }
21 }

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 Introducing Programming with an Example

Listing 2.1 Computing the Area of a Circle -

This program computes the area of the circle.
public class ComputeArea {
public static void main(String[] args) { ComputeArea
double radius; // Declare radius
double area; // Declare area Run
// Assign a radius
radius = 20; // New value is radius

// Compute area
// Statement assigned to area and line end with ;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results using print statement

System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
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animation

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea { allocate memory
/** Main method */ for radius
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area;

// Assign a radius Note: the plus sign (+) in the

radius = 20; program allows string to link or
continues into a larger strings,
which it can display in the
// Compute area output.
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area; area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
allocate memory
// Compute area for area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea { assign 20 to radius
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area;
area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area;
area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area compute area and assign it

area = radius * radius * 3.14159; to variable area

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area;
area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159; print a message to the
console
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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 Reading Input from the Console
1. Create a Scanner object (Scanner Class is a class in java.util, which allows the user to
read values/data(e.g .numbers) of various types, which can be resolve from primitive (original) types and strings.)

Table 2.1 --- Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

2. Use the methods next(), nextByte(), nextShort(),
nextInt(), nextLong(), next Float(), nextDouble(), or
nextBoolean() to obtain to a string, byte, short, int,
long, float, double, or boolean value. For example,
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
double d = input.nextDouble();

ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput ComputeAverage
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 Class, Object and Methods in Java
 Class: Whatever we can see in this world all
the things are a object.
 And all the objects are categorized in a special
group. That group is termed as a class
(blueprint to create instances of itself).
 Almost all the properties of the object should
be matched with it's own class.
 Methods enable a class object's behavior
example: car (class), shape, size, color (attributes), car convertible (Object), the convertible is open and closes
is the behavior of the class (methods).

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 Identifiers
 An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
 An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
– An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix A,
“Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
 An identifier cannot be true, false, or
null.
 An identifier can be of any length.

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 Variables
Variables are used to store values to be
used later in a program.
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ + area + " for
radius "+radius);

// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ + area + " for
radius "+radius);

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 Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;

double radius; // Declare radius to

// be a double variable;

char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;

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 Assignment Statements
After variable declared, Assignment
statement can be used (=);
The syntax is: variable = expressions;

x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;
radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

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 Constants
Value of the variable may not be change
during the execution for a program.
/* A constant must be declared and initialized in the
same statement. */
/* The word final is a Java keyword fro declaring a
constant. */
//A Constants are named in uppercase

final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

final double PI = 3.14159;
final int SIZE = 3;

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 Numerical Data Types
Primitive Data types (The Java Tutorials Link)

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 Numeric Operators

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 Integer Division

+, -, *, /, and %
5 / 2 yields an integer 2. (when both operands of a division are integers, the result of the
division is an integer and the fraction will be truncated).

5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5 (when operands of a division are

floating-point number, the result of the division is an integer).

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division),

5 percent of 2 is 1

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 Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an
even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always
1. So you can use this property to determine whether a number
is even or odd. Suppose today is Saturday and you and your
friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10
days? You can find that day is Tuesday using the following
expression:

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 Problem: Displaying Time
Write a program that obtains hours and
minutes from seconds. DisplayTime
import java.util.Scanner;
Run
public class DisplayTime {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Prompt the user for input
System.out.print("Enter an integer for seconds: ");
int seconds = input.nextInt();

int minutes = seconds / 60; // Find minutes in seconds

int remainingSeconds = seconds % 60; // Seconds remaining
System.out.println(seconds + " seconds is " + minutes +
" minutes and " + remainingSeconds + " seconds");
}
}
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 NOTE
Calculations involving floating-point numbers are
approximated because these numbers are not stored
with complete accuracy. For example,
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);
displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1. Integers are
stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with integers
yield a precise integer result.

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 Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly
in the program.
For example, 34, 1,000,000, and 5.0 are literals in
the following statements:
 
int i = 34;
long x = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;

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 Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as
long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error
would occur if the literal were too large for the variable to
hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would
cause a compilation error, because 1000 cannot be stored
in a variable of the byte type.
An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose
value is between -231 (-2147483648) to 231–1
(2147483647). To denote an integer literal of the long
type, append it with the letter L or l. L is preferred because
l (lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1 (the digit
one).
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 Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written with a decimal
point. By default, a floating-point literal is treated
as a double type value. For example, 5.0 is
considered a double value, not a float value.
You can make a number a float by appending the
letter f or F, and make a number a double by
appending the letter d or D.
For example, you can use 100.2f or 100.2F for a
float number, and 100.2d or 100.2D for a double
number.
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 Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in
scientific notation, for example, 1.23456e+2, same
as 1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456, and
1.23456e-2 is equivalent to 0.0123456.
E (or e) represents an exponent and it can be either
in lowercase or uppercase.
1.23456e2, is equivalent to 1.23456 x 10²=123.456

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 Arithmetic Expressions

is translated to
(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

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 How to Evaluate an Expression
Though Java has its own way to evaluate an
expression behind the scene, the result of a Java
expression and its corresponding arithmetic
expression are the same. Therefore, you can safely
apply the arithmetic rule for evaluating a Java
expression.

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 Problem: Converting Temperatures
Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree
to Celsius using the formula:

Exercise Listing 2.5: Type the program from the textbook

FahrenheitToCelsius Run

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 Problem: Displaying Current Time
Write a program that displays current time in GMT in the
format hour:minute:second such as 1:45:19.
The currentTimeMillis method in the System class returns
the current time in milliseconds since the midnight, January
1, 1970 GMT. (1970 was the year when the Unix operating
system was formally introduced.) You can use this method
to obtain the current time, and then compute the current
second, minute, and hour as follows.

ShowCurrentTime

Run
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 Shortcut Assignment Operators
Very often the value of a variable is used, modified, and then re-
assigned back to the same variable. See below example and
equivalent.
The += called the addition assignment operator.

Operator Example Equivalent

+= i += 8 i = i + 8
-= f -= 8.0 f = f - 8.0
*= i *= 8 i = i * 8
/= i /= 8 i = i / 8
%= i %= 8 i = i % 8
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 Increment & Decrement Operators
The ++ ad -- operators can be used in prefix or suffix, as shown
below
Example: int i = 3, j = 3;
i++; // i becomes 4
j--; // j becomes 2
Operator Name Description

++var preincrement The expression (++var) increments var by 1 and evaluates

to the new value in var after the increment.
var++ postincrement The expression (var++) evaluates to the original value
in var and increments var by 1.
--var predecrement The expression (--var) decrements var by 1 and evaluates
to the new value in var after the decrement.
var-- postdecrement The expression (var--) evaluates to the original value
in var and decrements var by 1.

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 Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as
statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:

variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %

++variable; increment var by 1 and use the new var value
variable++; increment var by 1 and use the original var value
--variable; decrement var by 1 and use the new var value
variable--; decrement var by 1 and use the original var value

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 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.

10 * 10 (original value of i ) is 100

i ++ means Increment after

i is increment by 1 after, and the old value of i is returned and used in the
multiplication, Thus newNum becomes 100.

i is increment by 1 before, and the new value of i is returned and used in the
multiplication, Thus newNum becomes 110.

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 Numeric Type Conversion
Binary operations with two operands: if an integer and a floating
number are involved in a binary operation, Java automatically
converts the integer to a floating-point value.
Example: 3 * 4.5 is the same as 3.0 * 4.5.
Consider the following statements:
byte i = 100;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;

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 Conversion Rules
When performing a binary operation involving two
operands of different types, Java automatically
converts the operand based on the following rules:
  So, 3*4.5 is the same as 3.0*4.5.
1.    If one of the operands is double, the other is
converted into double.
2.    Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is
converted into float.
3.    Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is
converted into long.
4.    Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.
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 Type Casting
A character (char) can be cast into any numeric type and vice versa.
When an integer is cast into a char, only is lower 16 bits of data
are used, the other part is ignored.
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is
truncated)
What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;

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 Problem: Keeping Two Digits After Decimal Points
Write a program that displays the sales tax with two
digits after the decimal point.

import java.util.Scanner;
SalesTax
public class SalesTax { Run
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter purchase amount: ");

double purchaseAmount = input.nextDouble();

double tax = purchaseAmount * 0.06;

System.out.println("Sales tax is " + (int)(tax
* 100) / 100.0);
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Problem:
Computing Loan Payments
This program lets the user enter the interest
rate, number of years, and loan amount and
computes monthly payment and total
payment.

ComputeLoan Run
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 Character Data Type
Four hexadecimal digits.
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = '\u0034'; (Unicode)

NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can also be used

on char variables to get the next or preceding Unicode
character. For example, the following statements display
character b.
char ch = 'a';
System.out.println(++ch);
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 Unicode & ASCII code
 Computers use binary numbers internally as
character is stored in a computer as a
sequence of 0’s & 1’s.
 Mapping the character to its binary called
encoding.
 Java supports Unicode, as encoding scheme
characters established.

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 Unicode Format
Java characters use Unicode, a 16-bit encoding scheme
established by the Unicode Consortium to support the
interchange, processing, and display of written texts in the
world’s diverse languages. Unicode takes two bytes,
preceded by \u, expressed in four hexadecimal numbers
that run from '\u0000' to '\uFFFF'. So, Unicode can
represent 65535 + 1 characters.
Unicode \u03b1 \u03b2 \u03b3 for three Greek
letters

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 Problem: Displaying Unicodes
Write a program that displays two Chinese
characters and three Greek letters.

DisplayUnicode Run

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Escape Sequences for Special Characters
Description Escape Sequence Unicode
Backspace \b \u0008
Tab \t \u0009
Linefeed \n \u000A
Carriage return \r \u000D
Backslash \\ \u005C
Single Quote \' \u0027
Double Quote \" \u0022

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 Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

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 ASCII Character Set, cont.
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

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 Casting between char and
Numeric Types

int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

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 Problem: Monetary Units

This program lets the user enter the amount in

decimal representing dollars and cents and output
a report listing the monetary (pertaining to money)
equivalent in single dollars, quarters, dimes,
nickels, and pennies. Your program should report
maximum number of dollars, then the maximum
number of quarters, and so on, in this order.

ComputeChange Run
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 Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 1156
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;
remainingAmount
initialized
// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount
int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

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animation
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 1156
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; numberOfOneDollars 11
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount numberOfOneDollars

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; assigned
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

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animation
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 56
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; numberOfOneDollars 11
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25; updated

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

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animation
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 56
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; numberOfOneDollars 11
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; numberOfOneQuarters 2
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

numberOfOneQuarters
int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
assigned
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

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animation
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 6
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; numberOfOneDollars 11
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; numberOfQuarters 2
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10; remainingAmount
updated
// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount
int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

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 The String Type
The char type only represents one character. To represent a string
of characters, use the data type called String. For example,
String message = "Welcome to Java“; 

String is actually a predefined class in the Java library just like the
System class and JOptionPane class & Scanner.
The String type is not a primitive type, more like a reference type.
Any Java class can be used as a reference type for a variable.
Reference data types will be thoroughly discussed in Chapter 7,
“Objects and Classes.” For the time being, you just need to know
-- how to declare a string variable,
- how to assign a string to the variable,
- and how to concatenate (link two or more information) strings.
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 String Concatenation
Two string can be concatenated (link together) with sign
(+) operator. If one of the operands is a nonstring (e.g., a
number), the nonstring value is converted into a string
and link with other string. Here are some examples:
// Strings are concatenated
String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";
The shorthand += operator can also be used for string concatenate.
 for example the following appends the string

message += “and Java is fun”;

So, the new message is “Welcome to Java and Java is fun”.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 56
 String Concatenation Cont..
System.out.println("The average of " +
number1 + " " + number2 + " " + number3 + "
is " + average);

// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2

String s = "Chapter" + 2;
// s becomes Chapter2 
// String Supplement is concatenated with character B

String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B';

// s1 becomes SupplementB

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rights reserved. 0132130807 57
 Programming Style and
Documentation

 Appropriate Comments //comments

 Naming Conventions
 Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
 Block Styles

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the
program to explain what the program does, its key
features, its supporting data structures, and any
unique techniques it uses include the following:
• your name,
• class section, instructor,
• program date
• and a brief description at the beginning of the
program.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 59
 Naming Conventions
 Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
 Variables and method names:
– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase for
the first word, and capitalize the first letter of each
subsequent word in the name.
– For example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Naming Conventions, cont.
 Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in
the name. For example, the class name
ComputeArea.

 Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants, and use
underscores to connect words. For
example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 61
 Proper Indentation and Spacing
 Indentation
– Indent two spaces.

 Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 62
 Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
 

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 63
 Programming Errors
 Programming errors are unavoidable even for
expert programmers. Errors can be categorized
into three types.
 Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
 Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
 Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 64
 Syntax Errors
Errors that occur during the compilation, during
coding construction such as mistyping a
keyword, omitted some necessary punctuation or
opening brace without closing brace are called
syntax error or compiler errors.
Syntax error are usually easy to detect, because
the compiler tells you where they are and what
caused them.
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
i = 30;
System.out.println(i + 4);
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 65
 Runtime Errors
Runtime error cause a program to terminate abnormally.
They occur while a program is running if then environment
detects an operation is impossible to carry out.
Example is:
 input incorrect type of value (double value instead of integer value)
 division by 0

public class ShowRuntimeErrors {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 1 / 0;
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 66
 Logic Errors
Logic error occur when a program does not perform
the way it was intended to. Error of this kind occur
for many different reasons.
Example below is add to number1 to number2
// ShowLogicErrors.java: the program contains a logic error
public class ShowLogicErrors {
public static void main (String [] args) {
// Add number1 to number2
int number1 = 3;
int number2 = 3;
number2 += number1 + number2;
System.out.println ("number2 is " + number2);
}
}
Note: The program above have no syntax, runtime errors, but it doe not print the correct result
for number2. See if you can find the error.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 67
 Debugging
Logic errors are called bugs. The process of finding and
correcting errors is called debugging.
A common approach to debugging is to use a combination
of methods to narrow down to the part of the program
where the bug is located.
You can hand-trace the program (i.e., catch errors by
reading the program), or you can insert print statements in
order to show the values of the variables or the execution
flow of the program.
This approach might work for a short, simple program. But
for a large, complex program, the most effective approach
for debugging is to use a debugger utility.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Debugger
Debugger is a program that facilitates debugging.
You can use a debugger to

Execute a single statement at a time.

Trace into or stepping over a method.
Set breakpoints.
Display variables.
Display call stack.
Modify variables.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 JOptionPane Input
This book provides two ways of obtaining input.

1. Using the Scanner class (console input)

2. Using JOptionPane input dialogs (obtain from an
input dialog box by invoke the
JOptionPane.showInputDialog methods
JOptionPane makes it easy to pop up a standard dialog box
that prompts users for a value or informs them of
something.
Class JOptionPane

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 Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
"Enter an input");

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 Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
null, “Prompting Message”, “Dialog Title”,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 72
 Two Ways to Invoke the Method
There are several ways to use the showInputDialog method. For
the time being, you only need to know two ways to invoke it.
One is to use a statement as shown in the example:

String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, x,

y, JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);

where x is a string for the prompting message, and y is a string for

the title of the input dialog box.

The other is to use a statement like this:

JOptionPane.showInputDialog(x);
where x is a string for the prompting message.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 73
 Converting Strings to Integers
The input returned from the input dialog box is a string. If
you enter a numeric value such as 123, it returns “123”.
To obtain the input as a number, you have to convert a
string into a number.
 
To convert a string into an int value, you can use the
static parseInt method in the Integer class as follows:
 
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
 
where intString is a numeric string such as “123”.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 74
 Converting Strings to Doubles
To convert a string into a double value, you can use the
static parseDouble method in the Double class as follows:
 
double doubleValue =Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
 
where doubleString is a numeric string such as “123.45”.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 75
Problem: Computing Loan Payments
Using Input Dialogs
Same as the preceding program for computing loan
payments, except that the input is entered from the
input dialogs and the output is displayed in an
output dialog.

ComputeLoanUsingInputDialog Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807 76