BY: ANUPAMA 092 ISHA
UNIT
3rd
TOPIC
QUESTIONNAIRE
SAMPLING TEQUNIQUESOF SAMPLING
PREPARTIONFORDATAANALYSIS:
EDITING CODING TABULATING
OVERVIEWOFSAMPLING
The Sampling Design Process
i. ii. Define the Target Population Determine the Sampling Frame
iii. Select a Sampling Technique
iv. Determine the Sample Size v. Execute the Sampling Process
The Sampling Design
Process
Define the Population Determine the Sampling Frame Select Sampling Technique(s) Determine the Sample Size
Execute the Sampling Process
Sampling Techniques
A Classification of Sampling Techniques i. Non probability Sampling Techniques a. Convenience Sampling
b.
c. ii. a. b. c.
Judgmental Sampling
Quota Sampling Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Cluster Sampling
Probability Sampling Techniques
Convenience sampling attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements. Often, respondents are selected because they happen to be in the right place at the right time Judgmental sampling is a form of convenience sampling in which the population elements are selected based on the judgment of the researcher
Quota sampling
may be viewed as two-stage restricted judgmental sampling. The first stage consists of developing control categories, or quotas, of population elements. In the second stage, sample elements are selected based on convenience or judgment.
Probability Sampling Techniques
Simple sampling
Each element in the population has a known and equal probability of selection. Each possible sample of a given size (n) has a known and equal probability of being the sample actually selected.
In snowball sampling, an initial group of respondents is selected, usually at random. After being interviewed, these respondents are asked to identify others who belong to the target population of interest.
Subsequent respondents are selected based on the referrals.
CLUSTER SAMPLE
The target population is first divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations, or clusters. Then a random sample of clusters is selected, based on a probability sampling technique such as SRS. For each selected cluster, either all the elements are included in the sample (one-stage) or a sample of elements is drawn probabilistically (two-stage).
Data Preparation, Interpretation and Analysis
Data Preparation, Interpretation and Analysis: Analyzing survey data is an important and exciting step in the survey process. It is the time that you may reveal important facts about your customers, uncover trends that you might not otherwise have known existed, or provide irrefutable facts to support your plans. By doing in-depth data comparisons, you can begin to identify relationships between various data that will help you understand more about your respondents, and guide you towards better decisions
Editing
Editing Editing and cleaning data is an important step in the survey process. Special care must be taken when editing survey data so that you do not alter or throw out responses in such a way as to bias your results. Although you can begin editing and cleaning your data as soon as results are received, caution should be used since any edits can be lost if the database is rebuilt. To be safe, wait until all data is received before you begin the editing and cleaning process. To start, find and delete incomplete and duplicate responses. A response should be discarded if the respondent did not complete enough of the survey to be meaningful.
For example , if a your survey was intended to determine future buying intentions across various demographic groups and the respondent did not answer any of the demographic questions, you should delete the response.
On the other hand, if the respondent answered all the demographic questions but omitted their name or email address, then you should keep the response.
Coding
Coding is the development and use of a language that will be used to transfer data from the instrument which was employed in the data collection process to a "codebook" or directly to the computer in a form that is appropriate for data analysis and reporting results. For the purpose of this course, this means making decisions about how to represent the data you collected on questionnaires in a way that the SPSS program will use effectively to do analysis. Since numbers usually work best as the way to represent the different responses made by the people you surveyed, the task is to find ways to code every response with a number
Tabulation
Cross Tabulation
Cross tabulations, or cross tabs, are a good way to compare two subgroups of information. Cross tabs allow you to compare data from two questions to determine if there is a relationship between them.
Like frequency tables, cross tabs appear as a table of data showing answers to one question as a series of rows and answers to another question as a series of columns
Base Question Product Manager Director Product Marketing Manager Program Manager Technical Product Manager Total Counts
Female 57.2% 12.6% 24.7% 2.8% 2.8% 215
Male 53.4% 14.2% 23.1% 1.5% 7.7% 337
Frequency Tables
Frequency tables are another form of basic analysis. These tables show the possible responses, the total number of respondents for each part, and the percentages of respondents who selected each answer.
Frequency tables are useful when a large number of response options are available, or the differences between the percentages of each option are small.
In most cases, pie or bar charts are easier to work with than frequency tables.
Response Market Analysis Quantitative Analysis Strategic Planning Product Planning Promotional Communication Creating sales tools Providing channel support
Count 76 150 56 33
Percent 13.7% 27.0% 10.1% 5.9%
243
152 157
43.8%
27.4% 28.3%
TH 4
- UNIT
TOPICS
THEORY OF ESTIMATION TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS OF LARGE AND SMALL SAMPLE TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE OF T-TEST, Z-TEST. F-TEST AND CHI SQUARE TEST USE OF SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR DATA ANALYSIS RESEARCH REPORT: CONTENT OF REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BIBLIOGHRAPHY PRESENTATION OF REPORT
Estimation theory
Estimation theory is a branch of statistis and signal processingthat deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured/empirical data that has a random component. The parameters describe an underlying physical setting in such a way that the value of the parameters affects the distribution of the measured data.
An estimator attempts to approximate the unknown parameters using the measurements.
For example, it is desired to estimate the proportion of a population of voters who will vote for a particular candidate. That proportion is the unobservable parameter; the estimate is based on a small random sample of voters.
hypothesis
What is a hypothesis A hypothesis is a prediction of expected outcome it states the relationships between variables that the researcher expects to find as a result of the study. that is so, then the hypothesis represents a formalized focus for the collection of data.
The null hypothesis, H0
This is the hypothesis that states there is no effect, or no alleged result..
The alternative hypothesis, H1
This hypothesis states that there is an effect or result. It is standard to assume that one of the two hypotheses is correct, and the other false. So say I have a situation where a cancer patient is suing a smoking company claiming that smoking has caused his illness. The two hypotheses would be:
Null hypothesis Smoking had no role in causing the patients cancer.
Alternative hypothesis
Smoking caused the patients cancer. You can think of the null hypothesis as representing the conservative viewpoint , unwilling to make false accusations.
Level of significance
Level of significance
Since there is always the possibility of errors when a decision is made, the significance of making various errors must be decided. The following situation is an example where hypothesis testing could be used, and shows how a significance level could be assigned for each type of error. One confusing thing is that the lower the significance level, the more significant it is. For example, a significance level of 1% is much more significant than 10%. A significance level of 1% can roughly be thought of as meaning we would only want the event to have a 1% probability of us picking that hypothesis and then finding out it was wrong. Around the 5% level is considered significant, and anything under 1% is considered very significant. So say I had a hypothesis that it would not rain to
tests of significance
Once sample data has been gathered through an observational study or experiment, statistical inference allows analysts to assess evidence in favor or some claim about the population from which the sample has been drawn. The methods of inference used to support or reject claims based on sample data are known as tests of significance
The smaller a sample is, the harder it is to make decisions based on it. In general, the larger a sample is, the less likely random variation is to make the results deceptive. When you have to use a small sample, you can make the decision using binomial distributions.
t -TEST
A statistical test involving means of normal populations with unknown standard deviations; small samples are used, based on a variable t equal to the difference between the mean of the sample and the mean of the population divided by a result obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the sample by the square root of the number of individuals in the sample
z-test
A statistical test used to determine whether two population means are different when the variances are known and the sample size is large. The test statistic is assumed to have a normal distribution and nuisance parameters such as standard deviation should be known in order for an accurate z-test to be performed
chi-square test
The chi-square test is an important test amongst the several tests of significance developed by statisticians. Chi-square, symbolically written as c2 (Pronounced as Ki-square), is a statistical measure used in the context of sampling analysis for comparing a variance to a theoretical variance. As a non-parametric* test, it can be used to determine if categorical data shows dependency or the two classifications are independent. It can also be used to make comparisons between theoretical
populations and actual data when categories are used.1 Thus, the chi-square test is applicable in large number of problems. The test is, in fact, a technique through the use of which it is possible for all researchers to (i) test the goodness of fit (ii) test the significance of association between two attributes, (iii) test the homogeneity or the significance of population variance
statistical package of software
A statistical package is a suite of computer programs that are specialized for statistical analysis. It enables people to obtain the results of standard statistical procedures and statistical significance tests, without requiring low-level numerical programming. Most statistical packages also provide facilities for data management.
various software
FlexPros a program for data analysis and presentation of measurement data. It provides a rich Excel-like user interface and its built-in vector programming language
GNU Octave GNU Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. It provides a convenient command line interface for solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, . Jacket A GPU Toolbox for MATLAB, enabling MATLAB computations to be offloaded to the GPU for acceleration and data visualization purposes. jBEAM is a Java based open framework for analysis and visualization of measured data. The framework can run as a desktop program or distributed for client/server or web based solutions. Functionality can be extended by plugIns using the ASAM-CEA standard. .
content of a report.
This task is for you to practice matching the stages and content of a report. You should already know that reports usually have the following stages: Introduction, Procedure or Method,
Findings,
Conclusions Recommendations.
Executive Summary
An Executive Summary summarizes the key points of a lengthy research report or publication.
Although research reports are often highly technical in nature, the goal of an Executive Summary is to communicate in a simple manner so that the information can be understood by all readers, regardless of their knowledge or expertise. The Executive Summary is used by managers to understand the broader policy context of research and make decisions about changes to policies, programs, or investment decisions. Typically, an Executive Summary is 3-6 pages in length. A longer summary is often used when it contains charts or other illustrations. The Executive Summary should be organized according to the following categories
