GLOBALIZATION

ON RELIGION
Organizational Structure of Religion

• Cults- a new type of religion which practices

and differ substantially from other major
religions. This group is usually headed by a
charismatic figure who apparently exhibit
compelling attractiveness and infectious
charm and seemingly exude uncommon
qualities inspiring devotion to others.
•Denominations- a well- entrenched
religious organization in which a
considerable number of population
are members. It is arguably a
bureaucracy run by well- trained
officials.
•Ecclesiae- the church of the
state is by essence, an
ecclesiae.
• Sect- what substantially distinguish this group from other
types of religious organizational structure is their manner of
worship which is typically an expressive celebration
associated with passion and tremendous emotion usually
executed by singing, shouting, and dancing.
Man’s basic instinct is survival. For him to survive,
man created a political system which is the state.
The system of government in each state differs
according to the extent of religious affiliations of
the body-politic. Religion is essentially instrumental
for us to become more human than animal with the
state of avenue for that process of humanization by
religion for it is in the state that religious activities
are initiated and regulated to facilitate the
aforementioned humanization process.
The creation of the state exemplifies man’s constant
struggle for humanity away from beastiality. Inter-
state relationship and the establishment of a world
order and the painstakingly onerous challenge of
maintaining it, is a living testament to the human
drive not just to survive but the measure of human
resolve to survive in style that is enjoying existence
itself, which is next to impossible if we treat each
other as beasts. But very feasible if we treat each
other as children of God as human beings.
 Influence of Religion
Religion is one enormously powerful cultural
component that greatly influence the person’s
character and consequently his attitude and
behavior in his relationship with other people and
subsequently with other states of the world
conglomerated together consisting networks of
interdependence resulting from the flow of culture
across the globe.
1. Historical Perspective
Christianity
The son of the Jewish carpenter Joseph, who is
Jesus Christ, founded Christianity. Jesus preached
the good news from God the father through his
teachings as the begotten son of the only “one true
God”. His ultimate sacrifice was his crucifixion in
Golgotha. After Jesus death (who, according to the
scriptures, resurrected on the third day and
ascended to the heaven) his disciples continued his
advocacy and experienced the same fate with Jesus,
to die in the name of the gospel.
The Spanish colonization of the Philippines
marked the entry of globalization to our
motherland. It manifest the age of
imperialism through colonialism which are
globalization phenomena. It is said that the
Spanish explorer’s goals in their conquest
among others are, god, gold and glory
The third being to invade and conquer,
the second being to colonize and exploit
and the first being to religiously
indoctrinate and Christianize the
Philippines. In specific terms, by way of
religion, the Philippines has become an
actor on the globalization stage.
Islam
• (God: Allah , Prophet: Muhammad; Abu al-Qasim
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-muttalib ibn Hashim’)
• It is the second largest religion in the wolrd
founded by Prophet Muhammad the last
messenger of God according to Islamic doctrines.
• The basis of Muslim faith is from a meditation
session of Prophet Muhammad inside the cave of
Mecca through the intercession of angel Gabriel,
giving him the religious vision.
Etymology of Islam
Islam
• An Islamic word which means "listen"
• It is associated with the concept of safeness,
wholeness and peace
• In the context of religion, the term Islam
refers to "voluntary submission to Allah"
Islam is a free choice, which means the occupants of
conquered territories were never forced to convert
but let them keep their beliefs. This statement is
further strengthened by a statement given by
Jerusalem Caliph Uman ibn al-khattab "He (Umar)
has given them an assurance of safety for
themselves, for their property, their churches, their
crosses, the sick and the healthy of the city. Their
churches will not be inhabited by Muslims and will
not be destroyed. They will not be forcedly
converted"
• After Muhammad died, Islam expanded in the truest
sense in the early 630 AD. But it not just expanded
through military conquest but also through pilgrimage
and missionaries. Because of these pilgrimage and
missionaries, it slowly paved the way for a voluntary
conversion of locals, either citizens or conquered. 
• Effect of Islam
• - Islamic ideas and pilgrims merge with the local cultures
redefining the affected people's way of thinking and
living transforming cultural and political aspects of the
world. 
Religious fundamentalism or Islamic extremism
• Islamic extremism is any form of Islam that opposes
"democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and
mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and
beliefs."1 Related terms include "Islamist extremism"
and Islamism. 2 Some people oppose the use of the
term, fearing it could "de-legitimize" the Islamic faith
in general. 3 Some have criticized political rhetoric
that associates non-violent Islamism (political Islam)
with terrorism under the rubric of "extremism.
• Despite the Philippines being predominantly Christians,
there is a considerable number of Muslims, which is
about 5.5 % of total population but according to National
Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) it is close to
11% or approximately 11 million Muslim Filipinos.
• Islam was said to enter Philippines through Tuan
Masha'ika an Arab missionary who stepped on the Jolo
island which is currently the province of Sulu in the mid
to late 13th century AD, but historians says  it began as
early as 10th century.
Buddhism
The  nature of reality, its understanding through insight,
achieved in the spiritual development and path of practice is
the essential goal of Buddhism. Changing of oneself and
developing  the qualities of wisdom, kindness and awareness is
done usually through the religious practice of Buddhism
meditation. The religion and dharma that comprises an
assortment of spiritual practices, traditions, and beliefs was
mostly ascribed to the thousand years Buddha teachings.
Siddharta Gautama, popularly referred to as the iconic
Buddha, was born in Lumbini (currently in Nepal) in the fifth
century BCE. He was one man given the accolade as the
originator of the faith. Contrary to the Christian and Islamic
assimilation approach of basically conquest.
Buddhism preaching was characterized by free-will. The
manner of conversion primarily done by the Buddhist
monks and nuns usually consist of encounter of local
extreme and weird religious practiced involving sacrificial
cults to local deities. The Buddhist "catechrist" would
convince local deities and their believers into the realm of
their teachings, convincing them to give up their cruel
religious sacrifices of animals and humans. The deities will
be exonarated and absolved of their malpractices and be
given a new hope of life's redemption at Buddhist shrines
and temples as their new abode. 
• In according with the Buddhism doctrines, the religious
paradigm shift was essentially from heat of sacricial ritual,
and magical superstition thinking to that of rationally ethical
kharma of doing good and getting good doing and getting
bad. This is a very powerful practice in Thailand Buddhism.
For 45 years. Buddha travelled and spread dharma all over
north India. Mauryan emperor Ashoka, whose empire
included all present day India, a large portion of Afghanistan,
Pakistan, and Bangladesh, converted to Buddhism in 5th
century BCE which could also be the time for Buddhism
religion globalization. Stone pillars with Buddhist inscriptions
were erected in strategic places. He deployed missionary
diplomats o present day Syria, Egypt, Greece, and Sri Lanka.
•The Dharma Hinayana and Theravada are
forms of Buddhism introduced and
currently followed in some Indo-Chinese
Peninsula territories. In similar fashion with
Christianity and Islam. Buddhism joined the
global bandwagon establishing globality in
the aspect of religion. Unfortunately, there
are very few written records about
Buddhism's early stages in the Philippines.
Buddhists are minority in the country's religious census.
Scarce scant referenced and recent archaeological
discoveries, points to the existence of the religion from
the 9th century onwards. The Philippines states then
engaged in trade contacts with the powerful Buddhist
Srivijaya empire in the 6th century to the 13th century
which consequently must have become the said empire
lsntributary states and must have served as a channel for
spreading Vajrayana Buddhism to the islands. 
2. Religious Reciprocation
Historical perspective would not be a consummated
topic if we fail to incorporate historical implications
by linking the past consequences to the present
realities. Religious reciprocity being the territorial
emigration of faiths (from the Philippines to the
world) is reflective of the very essence and purpose
of religion itself which is self-actualization,
realization, and salvation among others. Religion is
instrumental to prepare the person in his skirmishes
against the self and be ready for the war, the world
has to offer against him.
Religious reciprocity represent humility and
responsibility in the committed effort of
propagating religious teaching across and
beyond our very shores through our very own
local religion going global. Non reciprocity could
be construed as arrogance, indolence, or display
of passive disposition or simply careless or even
worst, reckless maneuver.
Apollo Quiboloy’s Kingdom of God, Felix Manalo
Iglesia ni Kristo (church of Christ), and Elisio
Soriano’s Dating Daan(The Old Path) these are
Philippines local religious group making waves
outside Philippine shores conquering foreign
territories, “exporting faiths” and conveying people
around the world.
Role of Belief System
Belief system forms a person or a group of
person principles in life which he or they
express in the form of religion as basis of
relating with one another or with other
states, affecting international relationship
and transforming world system through the
process of globalization of religion
3. Secularization
 Secularism vs Secularization
Secularism- refers to the condition
manifested in the assertion of the right to be
free from religious teaching or neutrality on
matters of belief from government
impositions.
Secularization- refers to the process of
change as in education art, morality, and in
society, in general, making it free from
religious influence or control.
Under secularization issue, obviously, religion before
in many parts of the globe particularly the
Philippines was not secular because there was
usually union of churches and state. The church
practically interferes if not regulated state affairs.
This categorically referred to pre secularism. The
entry and eventually substitution of democratic and
republican regimes, the highly ecclesiastical
structure was replaced by a new system of
separation of church and state. This basically
referred to secularization period.
However, since change is the only constant, religion
once again went back to the public domain meaning,
it is no longer localized/privatized resulting in
religious fundamentalism or extremism and atheism
among others. Atheism involves public “flagging” of
religious beliefs which is incompatible with
supposed equivalent religious practices that pertains
to “believing without belonging” as coined by British
sociologist Professor Grace Davie in 1994. This time
frame is appropriately called post-secularism period.
Finally, the ultimate impact of globalization upon
religion is primarily the globalization of religion itself.
For it is the undeniable and inescapable process of
the intensification of state interconnectedness itself
that resulted to religion becoming global.
Global Population
and Mobility
• Neo-functionalism is an approach of
regionalism focuses on the positive, incremental
benefits of piecemeal expansion
• Intergovernmentalism is approach to
regionalism holds that states remain intact and
resilient despite the creation of institutions and
the shift in policies and political politics
The Global City
• CITIES IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD ALTHOUGH GLOBALIZATION CERTAINLY
affect rural and per urban areas, global forces are centered in cities.

• It is in cities that global operations are centralized and where we can see
most clearly the phenomena associated with their activities, whether it
be changes in the structure of employment, the formation of powerful
partnership, the development of monumental real estate, the emergence
of new form of local governance, the effects of organized crime, the
expansion of corruption, the fragmentation of informal networks or the
spatial isolation and social exclusion of certain population groups.
The Global City

•also called world city or sometimes alpha

city or world center, is a city which is a
primary node in the global economic
network.
•An urban center that enjoys significant
competitive advantages that serves as a hub
within a globalized economic system.
•A city and its global status rest on the
following pillars namely: Economic,
Educational and Cultural
•Global power is determined by a combination
of distinct standards on the following
elements: Livability, Cultural Interactions
and Economy.
 3 Key Tendencies seem to follow from these
structural facts about Global City

• One is a concentration of wealth in the hands of

owners, partners, and professionals associated with
the high-end firms in the system.
• Second is a growing disconnection between the city
and its region.
• Third is the growth of a large marginalized population
that has a very hard time earning a living in the
marketplace defined by these high-end activities.
Characteristics of a Global City
• A variety of international financial services, notably in finance,
insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing.
• Headquarters of several multinational corporations.
• The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and
major financial institutions.
• Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding
area.
• Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities.
Characteristics of a Global City
• Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global
level.
• Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture,
and politics.
• Centers of media and communication for global networks.
• Dominance of the national region with great international
significance.
• High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and
information sector.
Characteristics of a Global City
• High-quality educational institutions, including
renowned universities, international student
attendance, and research facilities.
• Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the
best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities in the
country.
• High diversity in language, culture, religion, and
ideologies.
Reasons of increase in Global Cities

•The increase in global cities is

linked to the globalization of
economies, and the
centralization of mass
production within urban cities
Criticisms of Global Cities
• Despite playing significant roles in the global
economy, global city thesis has been known for
being a threat to state-centric perspectives. These
cities have been accused of focusing their reach to
other global cities and neglecting cities within the
national outreach. These cities are more
connected to the outside world than to their
domestic economy.
Global Demography
• Demographics is the study of a population based
on factors such as age, race, and sex.
• Government, corporations and nongovernment
organizations use demographics to learn more
about a population’s characteristics for many
purposes, including policy development and
economic market research.
How demographic information is used
• Most large companies conduct demographic research to
determine how to market their product or service and
best capture the target audience. It is valuable to know
the current customer and where the potential customer
may come from in the future.
• Demographic trends are also important, since the size of
different demographic groups changes over time as a
result of economic, cultural, and political circumstances.
GLOBAL MIGRATION
• Is a situation in which people go to the live in foreign
countries, especially to find work.
Most global migration if from developing countries
to developed ones.
• Global Migration can be understood as a cause and
effect relationship, though the causes are just as
numerous as their effect. People move across
international borders for a variety of reasons.
Why do People move ?
• ECONOMIC REASONS
Lack of employment opportunities or differentials in
employment opportunities and wages; the lure of a
well-paid job in a wealthy country is a powerful driver
of International migration.
Lack of educational institutions across developing
countries has also tremendously contributed to the
reasons for migration.
• POLITICAL REASONS
The unattractiveness of agricultural activities, disasters,
lack of basic amenities (roads, electricity, portable water, and
inadequate health care facilities) and industrial ventures in
countries have also encouraged international migration.
• SOCIAL FACTORS
Socially factors are things that affect someone’s lifestyle.
These could include wealth, religion, buying habits,
education level, family size, structure and population
density.
• CULTURAL FACTORS
The idea of culture is vital to understanding the implications
for transition and, despite the differences of opinion as to
whether language is a part of culture or not, the two are
connected. Culture range from syntax, ideologies, religion,
language and dialect to art and literacy.
• PUSH – PULL FACTOR
In geographical terms, the push-pull factors are those drive
people away from a place and draw people to a new location. A
combination of push-pull factors helps determine migration or
immigration of particular populations from one land to another.
PUSH FACTORS: REASONS TO LEAVE

Factors that help migrants decide to leave their home.

PULL: REASONS TO MIGRANTS

Factors that attract people and area where immigrants

are going.
Migration affects both the place of origin and the place of destination on the
various aspects such as environmental aspects, economic aspects, health and
social aspects

• Environmental aspects:
Migration of people has the direct effect o both, the
place of origin and the place of destination. Problem like
settlement, over-exploitation of resources, and the
pollution of different kinds will be visible.
• Economic aspect:
The consequence on the place of origin will be a loss
of economically active groups of the population.
Migration affects both the place of origin and the place of destination on the
various aspects such as environmental aspects, economic aspects, health and
social aspects.

• Health and social aspects:

The places of destination are normally those
places where facilities are made available to a
limited extent so as to fulfill the needs of the
native dwellers. However, the places overcrowd
with the constant flow of migrants, and facilities
and other needs become insufficient.