GEL 4210:Research Project -2:Research Report
A study on livelihood of betel leaf cultivators of Rajshahi
Submitted By:
Student Id:170905
Reg. No:1098181
Department of Geography and Environment
Pabna University of Science and Technology
Introduction:
Betel leaf is the cash crop of Bangladesh Betel leaf cultivation is like as banal
Agro -based profession .
Pan is the local name of betel leaf .Piper betel is the scientific name of Pan
and this belonging in the Piperocaine family. Betel leaf is looking as
evergreen heart shape leaf.
For cultivating the Pan need more fertile land and no water logging land. More
shade and proper irrigation are the main factor to produce the betel leaf.
Durgapur Upazila produce 21,250 metric tons betel leaf by covered 450
hectare’ s of land.
The production is changing day by day. Though farmer’ s are facing many
difficulties but they continue.
OBJECTIVE’ S
1.To analyze the socio-economic condition of the betel leaf
cultivators of the study area.
2.To identify the problems of betel leaf cultivators.
3.To represent a scenario of women involvement in betel leaf
cultivation.
Methodology :
Semi structured questionnaire with household level socio -economic information
and changes in life leading variables is used to collect information during
household survey. Collected information then classified and correlated to specify
results.
All methodology includes both quantitative and qualitative method with 4 phases.
Study area selection
Sampling
Data collection
Analyze and measurement
Study area selection :
Due to the availability of data I selected the study area.
Study area:
Durgapur is located at24.4556°N 88.7667°E. It has a total area of 195.03 km². Pananagar is one
union of Durgapur upazila. It is located 7 km far from Durgapur upazila .
Figure1: Map of study area
Sampling :
Randomly 98 house have selected for the data collection.
The equation of simple random sampling use for analysis:
n=
Data collection :
This study use for analysis of all the data both primary and secondary data,
primary data will give the descriptive information and secondary data will
help to statistical analysis that will be collected by agriculture office of
Durgapur.
Analysis and measurement:
Raw data are collected , classified and organized in MS excel. Then it analyzed with
the help of statistical package of social science(SPSS).
Primary Data
Qualitative data &
Quantitative data
Data entry, Processing, Sampling
Interview
Questionary survey by using simple random sampling
KII equation
Agriculture office
Secondary Data
Different types of
organization
BBS Data analysis by SPSS software,
Journal paper result making &comment
District agriculture
office
Report, Research paper
Result and Discussion
This study provides a clear concept about the betel leaf cultivators livelihood.
It indicates what types of problem cultivators are facing .
It gives the scenario of women participation.
Independent dependent Tabulated value Value of co
variable variables efficient of
0.05 level 0.01 level
correlation
Farmers 0.196 0.256 0.365**
Education 0.240*
0.198 0.254
Food 0.196 0.250 0.794**
Income of
cultivators
Infrastructure 0.190 0.254 0.697**
NB: **: Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
NB: *: Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
This table show the positive correlation between dependent variable and
independent variable. So, the socio -economic conditions of cultivators are
better.
Categories Pananagar Union Year 2016 Year 2022
Farmers 1.Pananagar 123 285
2.Tebila 515 950
3.Gopinathpur 250 600
1.Pananagar
Production 2.Tebila 17,343 metric ton 22,250 metric ton
3.Gopinathpur
Area 1.Pananagar 12 heq 20 heq
2.Tebila 21 heq 35 heq
3.Gopinathpur 19 heq 30 heq
Price 1bunlde (64 betel leaf 110 tk 280 tk
locally called bira)
1 bundle (32 bira) 3520 tk 8960 tk
Expenditure 1.Education 19% 24%
2.Treatment 15% 20%
3.Food 38% 50%
4.Infrastructure 18% 28%
Price increasing chart
Price
2016 2022
year
Price are increasing than past that’s why cultivators are more
interested to cultivate
Past Expenditure percentage of a betel leaf
Present expenditure percentage of cultivators
betel leaf cultivators
15%
19%
20%
23%
25% 18%
38%
50%
Education Treatment Food Infrastructure
Education Treatment Food Infrastructure
People are able to spend more money on their education,
healthcare, food, infrastructure than before
Problems of cultivators
Bacterial or Fungal Problems are: Physical problems are:
Muscle Pain
• Bacterial leaf spot Loin Pain
• Bacterial leaf bilt Bone Decay
• Bacterial stem rot Jugular Pain
• Disease by peats and warms Vein haul
• Stem rot and leaf spot disease Joint Pain of Knee
• Leaf stem and foot rot. Hand irritation
Hands or legs blow
Nail disease
Infectious disease
Security problem :When the price are high in the month
of April ,the leaf is stolen
Obstacle of this cultivation:
Natural phenomena like
• Natural disaster
• Water logging
• Flood
• drought are the main obstacle for cultivating betel leaf. To cultivate the betel leaf
need a proper temperature and rainfall.
• Security problem
Women participation:
Women are involving this occupation now a days. Their participation is more than past.
Indirect involvement:
Here women are not involve in directly earn money . In the labor women family member help to
process the betel leaf to Bira. Sometimes the children and women are going to BOR to do work.
Women Involvement percentage
1.20%
98.80%
Direct participant Indirect participant
Direct Involvement:
Average 35 or more than 35years poor women are involved this occupation. They get a little money
for their work. Most of the time relict, divorced and very poor man are involved this occupation.
Conclusion:
The standard of living is improving than past. Their income is increased. Their lifestyle
have changed. They use motorcycle to go to bazar but in the past they used van to go bazar.
They can get more food than past. They are successful to go to their children in school.
Many farmers get rid of the thinking to send money for their children(who are stay out of
home for the education purpose) ,now they are mostly tension free and can handle the
family money problem. The time is globalization ,many modern technologies are created
day bay day ,if government take the proper step to develop the sector the cultivation will
more then it will give contribution in our total economy. They faces the problem of
cultivation but the solution was not available ,if government ensure the scientific
investigation about the disease then it will be very helpful for the cultivators.
Recommendations:
• To create more awareness about the cultivation
• Use regular soil test to know the conditions of soil that will help the
cultivation.
• To follow the proper irrigation system that will help to reduce the problem.
• Create more security.
• To take rest between work.
• If they create the proper wages for women many women are involve with this
profession and the labor efficiency problem will relief.
References:
1.ALI, M. Y. (2014). Problem confrontation in betel leaf cultivation by the farmers of Natore district (Doctoral dissertation, DEPT.
OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION & INFORMATION SYSTEM).
2.Rahman, M. A., Tani, M., & Tsuruta, H. (2016). Socioeconomic characteristics of the betel leaf farmers in the teknaf peninsula,
Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 11(3), 1-8.
3. Roy, T., Alam, C. A., & Mamun Sony, M. A. Al. (2019). Livelihood Pattern of Betel Leaf Cultivators: A Case Study at Fakirhat
Upazila in Bagerhat District of Bangladesh. South Asian Journal of Agriculture, July, 34–37.
https://doi.org/10.3329/saja.v7i1-2.5674
4.Sayeduzzaman, M. (1988). An economic geographical study of betel leaf cultivation in Bangladesh. A M. Sc (Doctoral
dissertation, thesis submitted to Geography, University of Dhaka).
Thank you
