“Study Skills”

ENG-123
Lecture 29 (V2)
“Sub-Skills in Reading”

By: Tariq Amin

Lecturer, Dept of English,
KUST
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading
Outline

• Sub-Skills in Reading
• Inference
• Prediction
• Cohesion
• Coherence
• Close Exercise

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

Inference
• A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.

• For example, I infer that there is a ghost in my house based on the evidence that I have seen objects
moving on their own.

• For example, If my best friend stops talking to me, I can infer that he is angry at me, or he thinks
I’m crazy.

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

Inference
• An inference is not based solely on your opinion.

• It is based on EVIDENCE.

• In a story, everything you read in the text (what characters say or do, what events happen in the
plot, etc.) can be used as the basis for making an inference.

• THE TEXT SAYS: The main character hates old people.

• I CAN INFER… That the main character has a mean and childish personality.

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

What is a Close Exercise?

• The close Exercise is a reading comprehension activity in which words are omitted from a
passage and students are required to fill in the blanks.

• This procedure is incredibly useful in reading instruction because it can be easily done by any
teacher and provides valuable reading comprehension information.

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

What Is a Close Exercise?

EXAMPLE:

A teacher may give the following passage to students

"Today, I went to the ________ and bought some bread and peanut butter. I knew it was going to rain,

but I forgot to take my ________, and got wet on the way."

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

Cohesion and Coherence

• Cohesion and coherence are terms used in discourse analysis and text linguistics to describe the
properties of written texts.

Cohesion

• Cohesion is defined as "the use of explicit linguistic devices to signal relations between sentences
and parts of texts."

• These cohesive devices are phases or words that help the reader associate previous statements with
subsequent ones.

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

Coherence
• Coherent texts make sense to the reader.

• Coherence is a semantic property of discourse formed through the interpretation of each individual
sentence relative to the interpretation of other sentences, with "interpretation" implying interaction
between the text and the reader.

• One method for evaluating a text's coherence is topical structure analysis.

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

Prediction
• A prediction is what you think will happen based on what you’ve discovered in your reading.

How do I make predictions?

• First, use information that you already know.

• This is also called background information or prior knowledge .

• Second, use what the author is telling you. 

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

Why Learn the strategy of Predicting?

• When students make predictions, their understanding increases, and they are more interested in the
reading material.

• “Students use their background knowledge as well as clues from the text . . . to predict and
anticipate or logically ‘guess’ what the text will be about.”

• helps accesses your knowledge of a topic, concept, text structures and text.

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

Why Learn the strategy of Predicting?

• Making and reviewing predictions helps you interact with the text.

• Predictions help connect your prior knowledge with the information being learned.

Course: Study Skills

Course: Communication Skills ENG-123 - Instructor:
ENG-134-2 Tariq
- Instructor: Amin, Lecturer,
Muhammad Ishtiaq,Dept of English,
Lecturer, Dept ofKUST - Email:
English, KUST [email protected]
- Email: [email protected]
Topic: Sub-Skills in Reading

References
• What Is a Close Exercise? By Mustaien

• Making Predictions by Khati

Course: Study Skills ENG-123 - Instructor: Tariq Amin, Lecturer, Dept of English, KUST - Email: [email protected]
Thank You.....